A-1
Oral History of Stephen J. Pollak
Index
ABA. See American Bar Association
Abernathy, Ralph, 168
Abrams, Creighton, 15, 103, 104
Abzug, Bella, 138
Acheson, David, 88
Acheson, Dean, 87, 88
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), 86, 129
Adams, Ken, 274
Administrative Procedure Act of 1946, 114, 229
Advice and Referral Clinic (D.C. Bar), 296
Afghanistan war, 144
African Americans, 10
and fraternity restrictions, 33
as private practice attorneys, 298, 323
and segregated South, 48, 49–51
teacher qualification standardized tests, 202–6, 218–23
and urban riots, 112, 138, 144–45, 165
and voting rights, 124–34, 170
and Yale Law School, 63–64
See also civil rights; school desegregation
airlines antitrust case, 239–41
Alabama
and Civil Rights Division, 139, 181
Coal Fund litigation, 215
coal moisture case, 225–26
poll tax challenge, 124, 128, 129, 131–32, 134, 135
Selma-Montgomery march (1965), 110, 124, 125, 144
Voting Rights Act implementation, 141
Alabama Guard, 144
Aldock, John, 324–25
American Bar Association, 37, 275, 292, 305, 335
House of Delegates, 302
American Civil Liberties Union, 86, 129
American Federation of Teachers, 206, 207
American Kennel Club, 3
American Law Institute, 335
American President Lines, 85, 324
Anderson, Ken, 245, 246
Annapolis Naval Academy, 59
anticommunism, 18, 36, 37, 66, 70
anti-poverty program. See poverty program
A-2
anti-Semitism, 10, 11–12, 14–15, 33, 34, 72
antitrust cases, 76–81, 88, 100, 208, 248
airlines, 239–41
AT&T, 112–13, 275, 280
electrical industry, 80–83
Pinney Dock, 244–47
polio vaccine, 77–80
UMWA Fund, 209–11, 212–13
vitamins litigation, 273–80
antiwar protests, 57–58, 168
mass arrests and arraignments 314–15
appellate argument, 97–98, 334–35
armed forces desegregation, 51
Armstrong, Mason, 3–4, 11, 16, 23
Armstrong, Paul, 219
Army Engineers Corps, U.S, 153
Arnold, Thurman, 290
Arnold & Porter, 274, 290
pro bono work, 296, 303
Arnold, Fortas & Porter, 71, 74
Arthur Young (accounting firm), 265
Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights. See Doar, John; Marshall, Burke; Pollak,
Stephen J.
Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, 75–76
AT&T antitrust case, 112–13, 275, 280
Attorney General, 96, 107, 109, 112, 161
Civil Rights Division access to, 137, 170, 174
and civil rights lawsuit justification memoranda, 169
and civil rights organizations, 181–82
and Criminal Division, 101–3, 251
John Doar Award, 143
and special prosecutor, 251–52
and University of Mississippi violence, 101, 102–6
and Voting Rights Act implementation, 140–42
See also Clark, Ramsey; Katzenbach, Nicholas; Kennedy, Robert
Austern, Thomas, 88
AYUDA, 321
Baker, Donald M., 120, 121, 122
Ballard, Frederick, 314
Bar Association of the District of Columbia (voluntary), 299–300
See also D.C. Bar
bar exam, 73–74
Bar Foundation. See D.C. Bar Foundation
Barnett, Ross, 103
Barnett, Wayne, 92, 95, 189
A-3
Barrett, St. John (“Slim”), 146
Basseches, Bob, 324
Bazelon, David, 67, 280, 314, 315–16
Beatty, Richard, 234
Bedford-Stuyvesant Corporation, 159, 247
Beers, David, 42–43
Behn, Noel, 23
Belford, Jane, 295
Bender, Paul, 99
Berman, Mike, 265
Bernhard, Berl, 34–35, 38, 41
Bernstein, Louis, 77
Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad, 245, 246
Bicks, Robert, 80
Bill of Rights, 19, 316
Black, Elizabeth, 108
Black, Hugo, 108
Bloch, Alan, 211, 212
Bloomfield Steamship Company, 84
Bogg, Roderick (Rod), 284, 293
Boies Schiller, 274
Boone, Dick, 119–20
Boone, Richard, 108
Border Patrol, 104
Borie, U.S.S., 45–46, 49, 56, 59
Boskey, Bennett, 197
Bowman, Merle, 45
Boxer, U.S.S., 43
Branton, Wiley, 136, 137, 298–99
Bredhoff & Kaiser, 208, 307
Brennan, William, 165, 179, 185
Bricker Amendment, 37
British airlines, 239–41
British Airways, 241
British Caledonian, 241
Bromley, Bruce, 81
Brown, Donald, 309
Brown, Shelby, 10
Bryant, William, 335
Buck, Mr. and Mrs. (black educators), 219
Bureau of the Budget, 119, 149
Burger, Warren E., 315–16
Burling, Edward, Jr., 87, 330
Bush, George H. W., 163
Bush, George W., 163
A-4
Califano, Joseph, 147, 148, 153, 155, 158
disability rights enforcement, 231–34
Callagy, John, 207
Calmly to Poise the Scales of Justice (Brandon), 322
Camenisch, Walter, 235–36, 287–88
Camp Chikopi (Ontario, Canada), 19–20
Canadian Mounted Police, 169
Caplan, Lincoln, 100
Carr, Robert, 17
Carr, Waggoner, 132
Carter, Billy, 216, 254, 256, 257–62
Carter, Gloria, 260
Carter, Jimmy, 99, 163, 216, 231, 233, 246
and criminal charges against brother Billy, 256–62
and criminal charges against chief of staff, 249–52, 254–57
siblings of, 260, 261
Carter, Lisle, 123, 328
Carter, Rosalynn, 260, 261
Carter, Ruth, 260
Carter, Steve, 123, 328
Carter, Sybil, 257, 260
case presentation, 217–18
CCNY (City College of New York), 34
Chaikin, Sol, 230
Chanin, Robert, 206, 207–8
Channel 9 (TV station), 76
Charleston, South Carolina, 48, 49, 50–51, 52
Chicago, 1–3, 6, 21, 123, 336
housing, 6, 308
South Side, 2–3
Chicago Planning and Housing Council, 6
Choppin, Gerry, 179
Christopher, Warren, 174
Churchill, Winston, 36
church-state separation, 121, 122, 201
Citizens for Better Housing, 86
citizenship forfeiture, 66–67, 69–70, 311
Civiletti, Benjamin, 258
civil liberties, 86, 101–2
civil rights, 19, 88–89, 299
criminal interference with, 175–76, 187–88
disability cases, 231–37, 284, 286, 287–88
District of Columbia issues, 284, 287–88
enforcement based on federalism principles, 142, 143–44
interference by private party, 285–86, 287
Johnson policy development, 136–37, 138, 145
A-5
Pollak’s personal library of materials, 307
poll tax cases, 127–34, 135
private practice cases, 199–200, 231–39, 284–86
public accommodation statute, 291–92
public highway use, 284–85, 287
“Second Reconstruction” (1957–1968), 172
statutes enacted, 172, 186–88 (see also specific acts)
volunteer attorneys, 292
See also civil rights organizations; discrimination; equal employment cases; school
desegregation
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 284–85
Civil Rights Act of 1957, 136
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 110, 111, 172, 242
and race riots, 112
Title VII equal employment, 111, 117
and Voting Rights bill, 125
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Title I, 187
Title VIII, 187
Civil Rights Commission, 136, 137
“Racial Isolation in the Public Schools,” 201
“The Voting Rights Act…The First Months,” 142
Civil Rights Division, 89, 96, 103, 104–5, 120, 128–58, 159, 164–90, 285
Appeals and Research Section, 109, 110, 146, 179, 227, 242, 332
Assistant Attorney General (see Doar, John; Marshall, Burke; Pollak, Stephen J.)
caliber of personnel, 146, 169–70, 178–81
and civil rights community, 135, 136, 137–38, 168, 180–82
and crisis events of 1968, 168–74
and defense of federal personnel, 104–5
Disability Rights Section, 236–37
fact-based case development, 335
FBI as investigative arm, 174–77, 184
focus on South, 139–44
Honors Program, 208–9
and King assassination, 172–74, 183
lawyers, 165–66, 178–79, 208–9
travel in South, 139–40
legislation development and implementation, 109–10, 112, 172–73, 186–88, 242
long working hours, 166–67
Nixon appointee, 190, 195
office location, 177
policy consolidation, 136–37
purposes served by, 186
voting rights cases, 127–34, 140–43, 217
women lawyers, 165–66, 179, 209
women paralegals, 157, 165, 179, 207
A-6
and women’s movement, 138–39, 181
civil rights organizations, 135, 136, 137–38, 168
Civil Rights Division independence from, 180–82
and EEOC guidelines, 222
Civil Service Commission, 141, 152
Claiborne, Louie, 188–89
Clark, Charles Edward, 312
Clark, George, 18
Clark, Georgia, 160, 173
Clark, Norman, 26
Clark, Ramsey, 138–39, 146–48, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 169, 298
and Fair Jury statute, 186–87
and FBI, 176
and Johnson human relations legislative program, 146–47, 232–33
and King assassination crisis, 169–70, 176, 182
Pollak working relationship with, 173–74
and University of Mississippi violence, 103, 105
Clark, Reuben, 308–9
Clark, Tom C., 67
Claytor, Graham, 80
Clifford, Clark, 83
Clinton, Bill, 91, 143, 163, 283
coal, 114–16, 209–15
moisture-content cases, 225–26
See also UMWA Health and Retirement Funds
Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act of 1992 (Coal Act), 214, 215
Coal Wage Agreement, 213, 214
cocaine, 251, 252
Coffin, William Sloane, 57
Cohen, Jerome, 64
Cohen Milstein, 274
Cohn, Roy, 251
Cold War, 36, 42
Coleman, Lovita, 282
collective bargaining, 225, 226
Columbus Municipal Separate School District (Miss.), 203, 204, 218, 219, 220–22
Come, Norton, 96
Committee on Administration of Justice Under Emergency Conditions, 313–15
report (1973), 315
Common Cause, 196, 336
communications practice, 75–76
communism. See anticommunism; Cold War
community action grants, 122, 123
confession coercion and exclusion, 86
Congress, U.S.
civil rights statutes, 111, 124–25, 187
A-7
and District of Columbia self-rule, 148–54, 162, 164
and domestic peace corps, 119
and Ferraro falsified documents charges, 263–64
Johnson relationship, 146–47, 150–51
See also House listings; Senate listings
Constitution, U.S., 101, 121, 122
Bill of Rights, 19, 316
and poll tax, 128
See also specific amendments
Cordiner, Ralph, 82, 83
Coughlin, Father, 15
Council on Court Excellence, 312–13
Countryman, Vern, 60–61
Court of Claims (later U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), 94
Court of General Sessions, 109, 112, 242, 243
Covington & Burling, 51, 65, 71, 73–91, 92, 125, 147, 191–92, 197, 208, 250, 280, 308
culture of, 87–88
dominant lawyers, 88–89, 311
Expatriation Act litigation, 311–12
pro bono work, 280–81, 289, 290
size, 74
women lawyers, 89–90
Cox, Archibald
as Pollak mentor, 117
on prepared argument before Court, 97–98, 334
as Solicitor General, 92–99, 189
Cox, Hugh, 88
Cox, Oscar, 74
Cox, Langford, Stoddard & Cutler, 71, 74, 108, 250, 290
See also Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering
Cravath, Swaine & Moore, 81, 303
Craven, Tam, 205
Cross, H. R., 107
Crowell & Moring, 245–46
cruel and unusual punishment, 66–67, 70, 311, 312
CSX, 245–46
Cutler, Lloyd, 74, 249–50, 258, 262, 290
Daley, Richard M., 123
Danziger, Martin, 210
Dartmouth, Outing Club, 37
Dartmouth College, 5, 13–14, 17, 25–41, 61, 68
alumni activities, 38–39, 40
change to coeducation, 38
fraternities, 13–14, 33, 34
“Great Issues” course, 46
A-8
Kennan commencement address, 42
Native American Visiting Committee, 39, 40
and Navy program, 17, 27, 32, 40, 41, 43–44, 68
notable graduates, 25–26
and political and social issues, 35–37
swim team, 26, 29, 37, 38, 40
theater, 26, 39
veterans enrollment, 36
Winter Carnival, 28–30, 41
Dash, Samuel, 314
Davenport, Marcia, How Green Was My Valley, 26
Davis, Chan and Natasha [Natalie], 37
Davis, Oscar, 94, 95, 189
D.C. Bar, 34, 73, 114, 289, 293–301, 314
Board of Governors, 297
dues limitation referendum, 300–301
IOLTA rules, 321
Judicial Nomination Commission, 297–99
presidency, 114, 293–94, 297, 299, 300–301, 312
Pro Bono Program, 294–97, 318
Study Committee on the Bar Foundation, 320
as unified bar, 293–94, 299–300
D.C. Bar Foundation, 319–22
IOLTA funds, 320–21
D.C. Circuit. See U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
D.C. Circuit Judicial Conference, 313–19, 320
Administration of Justice Under Emergency Conditions Committee, 314–16
Pro Bono Committee, 320
D.C. City Council, 152–53, 154, 158, 314
D.C. Court of Appeals. See District of Columbia Court of Appeals
D.C. Superior Court. See Superior Court of the District of Columbia
deaf people, 233, 234, 235–36, 287–88
Dean, Paul, 224
Defense Department, U.S., 116, 145
DeLoach, Cartha, 176
Democratic Party, 7, 49, 52
Ferraro candidacy for U.S. Vice President, 263, 265–66, 272
and improper fundraising charge, 197–98
Dempsey, Bill, 64, 117, 192, 323
denationalization, 66–67, 69–70, 311–12
Deneen, James, 204
deposition taking, 84–85, 217–18, 219, 221, 332–33
Depression (1930s), 15, 21, 28
Deputy Attorney General, 96, 109, 174
desegregation
of armed forces, 51
A-9
federal enforcement of, 101, 102–6, 144, 181
of public accommodations, 291, 292
See also school desegregation
Determan, Sally, 294
Devine, Sam, 107
Dewey, Thomas, 78, 79
Dewey Ballantine, 78
Dickey, John, 35
Dickstein, Sid, 98
Dickstein & Shapiro, 98, 274
Dimock, Edward, 69
Dirksen, Everett, 124, 126, 127, 128, 169
disability rights, 231–37, 284, 286, 287–88
discrimination
fraternities, 11, 33, 34
poll tax, 127–34, 135
standardized test to validate teachers, 202–6, 218–23
See also anti-Semitism; civil rights; gender discrimination; segregation
District of Columbia. See Washington, D.C.
District of Columbia Bar. See D.C. Bar
District of Columbia Circuit. See U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
Circuit
District of Columbia Court of Appeals, 293, 297
creation of D.C. Bar, 299, 301
District of Columbia Superior Court. See Superior Court of the District of Columbia
Doar, John, 103, 117, 191, 196
award named for, 143
and Bedford-Stuyvesant Corporation, 159, 247
Civil Rights Division leadership, 120–21, 135, 136, 139–44, 146, 158, 159, 164, 165,
170, 171, 174, 175, 178–81, 208, 335
and Garment Workers, 227, 228
as House Judiciary Committee majority counsel, 247–48
integrity of, 248
and Pinney Dock collusion case, 244–45, 246, 247
private practice, 248
on “romance of the documents,” 217
and Voting Rights Act implementation, 140–43
Doar, Dvorkin & Rieck, 248
dock companies, 244–46
domestic peace corps. See VISTA
Donovan Leisure, 248
Doolittle, Bill, 92, 189
Doppelt, Gerald, 65
Dorris, Michael, 39
Douglas, Emily Taft, 6
Douglas, Paul, 6
A-10
Draper & Kramer (real estate firm), 1–2, 6, 21
drug cases, 113, 117
Due Process Clause, 128, 134
Dunbaugh, Frank, 179
DuShane Fund, 200–201, 332
Dvorkin, Mike, 248
dyslexia, 236–37
Eastland, James, 126
education. See school desegregation; teachers
Educational Testing Service, 203, 204, 205, 221, 222, 223, 237
Edwards, Harry T., 215
EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission), 222
Eighth Amendment, 66–67, 70, 311, 312
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 52, 89, 146
electrical industry price-fixing cases, 80–83
Eli Lilly (drug company), 77, 78
Ellington, Buford, 182
Ellison, Michelle, 305
El Paso County, Colorado, 238
Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 223, 225, 226
equal employment, 117, 170–73
Civil Rights Act of 1964 provision, 111, 172
and labor unions, 191, 196
mediation, 238
and railroads, 199–200
and standardized testing of southern black teachers, 202–6, 218–23
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 222
Equal Protection Clause, 130–31, 134
Erdley, Carl, 96
ERISA (Employment Retirement Income Security Act), 223, 225, 226
Erlenborn, John, 151
Ervin, Sam, 126, 164–65
Ethridge, Sam, 201
ETS (Educational Testing Service), 203, 204, 205, 221, 222, 223, 237
Ewing, Saul, 216
Executive Office Building, 156–57, 162
Exmoor country club, 11
Expatriation Act of 1964, constitutionality challenge, 66–67, 69–70, 311–12
Fahey, Charles, 315–16
Fair Housing Act of 1968, 170, 172, 187, 188
Fair Juries Act. See Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 113, 228–29
faith-based program grants, 121–22
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 101, 169, 174–77, 184, 268
A-11
Federal City College, 155, 313
Federal Communications Commission, 76
federal conflict-of-interest laws, 281–82
Federal Election Commission, 263–64, 265, 268
federalism, 142, 143–44
and civil rights unrest, 101–6, 181, 182–83
supervening federal authority restraint, 144
Federal Maritime Commission, 324
Federal Rules (practice of law), 276, 279, 318
Federal Trade Commission cafeteria, 96, 189
federal witness protection, 102
Ferraro, Geraldine, 249, 262–71, 272
alleged falsifed congressional filing statement, 263–64, 268–70
candidacy for U.S. Vice President, 263, 265–68, 272
Ferren, Linda, 317
Ferris, Charlie, 124, 125, 126
F. Hoffmann LaRoche (drug company), 278
Fifteenth Amendment, 134
Fifth Amendment, 86, 101, 316
Filvaroff, David, 136
First Amendment, 316
Fisher, Adrian, 314
Fiss, Owen, 179, 328
Fitch, Mary, 90–91
Flannery, Thomas (Tom), 115, 209, 213, 226
Flexner, Don, 245–46
Flynn, Clyde, 126
FOIA (Freedom of Information Act), 229
Ford Foundation, 292, 314
Foreign Agents Registration, 258, 260
Foreman, Philip, 77, 79
Forester, C. S., Hornblower books, 16
Forrest, Herbert, 294
Fort Sheridan (Ill.) army base, 9
Fourteenth Amendment, 128, 285
Fourth Amendment, 101, 316
Frank, Jerome, 67
Frank Knox, U.S.S., 43
fraternities, 11, 13–14, 33, 34
Freedom of Information Act of 1966 (FOIA), 229
freedom of speech, 36
Freeland, Hal, 203
Freidberg, Stanton, 18
Frelinghuysen, Rodney, 151
Friedan, Betty, 138
Friedman, David (Dan), 94–95, 189
A-12
Friedman, Paul, 273, 274, 276, 298, 303
Frost, Robert, 35
Funds. See UMWA Health and Retirement Funds
Furness, Betty, 157
Gallagher, Monica, 209, 227
Ganey, Cullen, 81
Gardner, John, 191, 195, 196, 336
Gardner, Richard, 58
Gardner, Warner W., 85, 272, 323, 324, 325
legal background, 198
Shea & Gardner 1947–1994 As Seen by Warner W. Gardner, 323
Garland, Merrick, 282
Garment Workers. See International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
Garrett, Katherine (Katia), 319, 320
Gateota, Bill, 234
gender discrimination, 138–39, 181
D.C. Circuit Special Committee on, 303–5
financial, 264
law firms, 90
gender roles, traditional, 5–6, 14, 16, 22, 23–25, 61–63, 184, 185
General Electric price-fixing case, 80–83
Georgetown Law School, 307, 314
Law Journal Special Committee on Gender Bias report (1996), 306
Germany. See Nazis Germany
Gern, Patricia, 305
Gesell, Gerhard (Gerry)
administrative ability, 116–17
and armed forces desegregation, 51
Covington & Burling, 74–75, 76–83, 84–85, 86, 88, 89, 191–92, 208, 239, 250, 271,
290, 330
daughter’s paralegal work, 157
on fact-determined cases, 335
personality of, 77, 81–82
as Pollak’s major mentor, 76–80, 89, 114, 117, 271, 335
self-confidence of, 88
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, 114–17, 208, 223–24, 226, 248
Gesell, Patsy, 157
Gewin, Walter, 132
Gibson, Elizabeth, 91
Gilbert, Ben, 159
Gilroy, Frank, 25, 26
The Subject Was Roses, 25
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 306, 322
Glencoe, Illinois, 12, 29, 48
Glickstein, Howard, 179
A-13
Golden Triangle Airport (Miss.), 218
Goodlet brothers, 63–64
Goodman, Frank, 96, 189
Goodwin Procter, 322, 325–28
Gorelick, Jamie, 295
Gorham, Bill, 191, 195–97, 336
Grackle, U.S.S., 50, 51–52
Graduate Record Examination, 203, 204, 221
Graham, James L., 214, 226
Green, Joyce Hens, 115, 226, 303
Green, June, 115, 213, 226, 306
papers of, 242
Greenberg, Arlene, 41
Greenberg, Gary, 285
Greene, Evelyn, 242
Greene, Harold, 96, 108, 109–16, 117, 146
and airlines antitrust, 239–41
Civil Rights Division Appeals and Research Section, 109, 110, 179, 242, 332
and civil rights statutes, 109–13, 125, 242
personality of, 243–44
UMWA Fund cases, 226
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, 112–16, 170, 239, 242–44, 275, 280
Judicial Nominations Commission, 297
Greenville, Mississippi, 220
Greenwood, Mississippi, 184
Griswold, Erwin, 161
habeas corpus cases, 280–81
Hackett, David, 106–7, 108
Hague Convention on Taking Foreign Evidence Abroad, 276
Hahn, Gilbert, 324
Halvorson, Thor, 282
Hamilton, Dagmar, 129–30
Hancock, James, 225–26
handicap regulations. See disability rights
Hannah, John A., 136
Harlan, John, 67
Harris, Stanley, 115, 226
Harry’s Raw Bar, 189–90
Hart, Jane, 138
Hart, Philip A., 126, 136, 138, 165
Harvard University, 37
Hastings, Alcee, 248
Hausfeld, Mike, 274
Hayes, George E.C., 310
Health, Education, and Welfare Department, U.S., 231
A-14
Hechinger, John, 152, 153
Height, Dorothy, 138
Heineman, Ben, 234
Heller, Jim, 86, 120
Helms, Jesse, 92
Hesburgh, Theodore, 136
Heyman, Michael (Mike), 41, 67–68
Heyman, Terry, 68
Heymann, Philip, 95–96, 189
Highland Park, Illinois, 2, 3–4, 7, 9–10, 26
Highland Park High School, 10, 11, 15, 23, 34
fiftieth reunion, 25
graduates’ careers, 25–26
1946 graduating class, 22
Highwood, Illinois, 9
Hiss, Alger, 36
Historical Society of the District of Columbia Circuit, 289
Calmly to Poise the Scales of Justice, 322
Ceremonial Courtroom programs, 317, 322
Oral History Project, 114, 322
presidency, 242
website, 322
Hitler, Adolf, 14
Hogan, Thomas, 274–75, 276, 277–79, 280
Hollander, Bernard, 77
Holloway, Admiral, 44
Holtzoff, Alexander, 84, 85
homework, needle trades, 113–14, 228–30
Honolulu County, Hawaii, 238
Hoover, J. Edgar, 175–76, 177–78
Horsky, Charles, 86, 89, 147, 289, 294, 308, 319, 330
background and career, 311–13
Washington Lawyer, 311
hostage negotiations, U.S.-Iran, 252
Hostetler, Zona, 320
“hot cargo” clause, 100, 115–16, 210, 213
Hotchkiss, Frank, 32
Hotchkiss, Gene, 4, 5, 14, 16, 42
adult career, 23
and Dartmouth, 31–32, 42
Hotchkiss, Jim, 4, 5, 14, 26, 42
adult career, 23
and Dartmouth, 31–32
naval service, 49–50
Hotchkiss, Nancy, 49–50
House District Committee, 150, 151, 153, 154, 164
A-15
House Education and Labor Committee, 119
House Ethics Committee, 268–70
House Government Operations Committee, 151
House Judiciary Committee, 247–48
housing, 6, 86, 155–56, 308–11
Fair Housing Act, 170, 172, 187, 188
landlord/tenant disputes, 243–44, 296–97
Housing and Urban Development Department, U.S., 148, 310
Housing Development Corporation, 309
Hubbard, Maceo, 179
Huge, Harry, 210, 224
Hughes, Richard, 78
Hughes Hubbard, 41, 65
Humphrey, Hubert, 136–37
Huston, Charlotte (later Reischer), 17, 18
IBM, 125
ILGWU. See International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
Illinois, 71–72, 73, 123
See also Chicago; Glencoe; Highland Park
Illinois Bar, 73–74
Inchon (Korea), 56
independent counsel, 280–83, 288
See also special prosecutor
Institute for Policy Studies, 58
integration. See desegregation; school desegregation
Interest on Lawyers’ Trust Accounts., 321–22
Interfraternity Council, 34
International Business and Trade Law Reporter, 240, 241
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, 113–14, 227–31
Interstate Commerce Commission, 245, 246
IOLTA (Interest on Lawyers’ Trust Accounts), 321–22
Iran, American hostages in, 253
Iraq war, 144, 163
Isaacs, Maxine, 266
Isbell, David, 65, 74, 75, 88
Italian-American names, 10
Jackson, Robert, 272
Jackson, Vicki, 303, 304
James, Fleming, 61
Japan, 55, 56
Japanese-American internment, 19
Jeness, Ernest, 75–76
Jews, 3, 8, 10–15
and Christmas tree, 13, 53
A-16
dialect jokes, 34
and discrimination, 33, 72
ethnic identification as, 54
plight in Europe, 11, 14–15, 56
and Washington law firms, 72–73, 75
See also anti-Semitism
Job Corps, 121, 159
John Doar Award, 143
Johnson, Frank M., 131–32, 181
Johnson, Jim, 266
Johnson, Lady Bird, 160, 161, 162
Johnson, Lyndon, 99, 103, 109, 111, 118, 173, 182, 194, 231, 242, 250
Advisor for National Capital Affairs, 112, 145, 147–59, 160–64, 231, 232, 242, 312–
13
Califano as Domestic Policy Chief, 147, 158, 232
civil rights legislation (1968), 187
civil rights policy development, 136–37, 138, 145
and District of Columbia government, 148–53, 156
human relations legislative program, 146–47, 232–33
personal force of, 162–63
and Vietnam War, 161
Voting Rights Act, 124, 128
women judicial nominees, 306
Johnson, Norma Holloway, 297
Johnson Library, 152, 195
Jones, Bob, 4, 5, 11, 14, 16, 23
Jones, Gerald, 129
Jones, John B., 97
Jordan, Hamilton, 216, 249, 250–57, 258, 262
Judicial Conference (judges of circuit courts), 313–19
Committee on Administration of Justice under Emergency Conditions, 313–15
Program Committee for the 50th Conference (1989), 317
Standing Committee on Pro Bono Legal Services, 313, 317–18
Judicial Conference of the United States, 187, 313
Judicial Nomination Commission, 297–99
Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968, 172, 186–87
Justice Department, U.S., 39, 92, 96, 121, 125, 238, 246, 271
Antitrust Division, 77, 80, 95
Appellate Section, Criminal Division, 96
Archives oral history, 193, 195
Assistant Attorney General, 41
and civil rights (see Civil Rights Division)
Criminal Division, 169, 251, 264, 279, 315
enforcement of court-ordered university integration, 103–4
and Nixon transition, 190, 194–95
Office of Legal Counsel, 41, 64, 103, 118
A-17
offices location, 177–78
outstanding attorneys, 80
Public Integrity Section, 267, 268
Tax Division, 97, 108
See also Attorney General; Solicitor General’s Office
juvenile delinquency, 106
Kaiser Steel, 213
Kampelman, Max, 152–53
Katzenbach, Nicholas (Nick), 103, 107, 109, 111, 121, 124–25, 127, 298
and Civil Rights Division, 136, 137
and Voting Rights Act implementation, 141–42
Kaufman, Irving, 187
Kay, Alan, 279–80
Kellwood Plant (Ky.), 228
Kelly Drye, 207
Kemeny, John, 38, 39
Kennan, George, 42, 59
Kennedy, Henry, 274
Kennedy, John F., 41, 94, 95, 99, 111, 116, 118
assassination of, 15, 118
and civil rights, 89, 137, 138, 292
and University of Mississippi violence, 104, 105, 106
Kennedy, Neil, 126
Kennedy, Robert
assassination of, 168
as Attorney General, 101–9, 291–92
resignation, 120, 121
Bedford-Stuyvesant Project, 159, 247
Kentucky, 209, 228, 239
Kessler, Fritz, 66
Keynes, John Galbraith, 28
Key West, Florida, 49
Kidd, U.S.S., 46
Kier, Malcolm, 28
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
unrest following assassination of, 112, 138, 145, 168–70, 182–84
Kirbo, Charles, 257, 261
Kirk, Alan G., 42
Kleindienst, Richard, 190, 194–95
Knowles, John, A Separate Peace, 106
Kohn (Alabama lawyer), 132
Kollar-Kotelly, Colleen, 215
Kominers, Odell, 84
Korean War, 17, 22, 26, 27, 30, 44, 45–53, 55–56, 59
veterans as college students, 36, 63, 64
A-18
Kramer, Ferdinand (Pollak uncle), 6, 21
Kramer, Frank, 210, 240
Krim, Arthur, 160
Kronick Moskovitz, 207
Krug, Julius, 223
Krug-Lewis Agreement (1946), 223
Labor Department, U.S., 209, 228, 229, 230, 231
labor law, 206–8
labor movement, 191, 196, 197, 223, 224
ILGWU case, 113–14, 227–31
La Crosse, Wisconsin, 9
Lake Erie, 244
Lake Forest College, 23
Laker Airlines, 239–42
Lake Superior, 244
Lamm, Carolyn, 305
landlord/tenant case, 243–44
Landlord/Tenant Court, 296
Landlord/Tenant Resource Center, 296–97
Landon, Alf, 7
Landsberg, Brian, 179, 207
Landsberg, Dorothy, 179, 207, 228, 245
Lanoff, Ian, 209
Lapham, Tony, 117, 265, 266, 270
Lardent, Esther, 295
Lattimore, Owen, 36
Latto, Lawrence J. (Larry), 117, 323, 324
Laurie, Buzz, 4, 11, 14, 16, 23
Law Aptitude Test
disability dispensation, 236–37, 323
law clerkship, 66, 67–68, 74, 75, 108, 179, 198, 201, 248, 250, 323–24, 336
Law Firm Pro Bono Clinic, 296
Law School Admissions Test, 60
lawyers
African American, 298, 328
changes in practice, 271
and client generation, 329–32
and fact development, 217–18, 332, 335
notable, 117
and oppositional activities, 58
and roles tied to judgments, 83
and self-confidence, 88
sources of ego gratification, 326, 330
and unified Bar, 293, 299
See also women and the legal profession
A-19
League of Women Voters, 6, 8, 15
Lefstein, Norm, 314
Legal Aid Society of the District of Columbia, 321
Legal Services Corporation of the United States, 321
Lemon, Alton (Lemon test), 201
Leonard, Jerris, 190
Levinson, Larry, 155
Lewin, Nathan (Nat), 96, 169, 189
Lewinsky, Monica, 282, 283
Lewis, John L., 223
Library of Congress, 242
Libya, 257, 258, 259
Lichtman, Judy, 298
Lindenbaum, Sol, 105–6
Liss, Susan, 303–4, 305
Lord, Thorne, 78
Louisiana, 139
Lowenstein, Allard K., 33
Lowery, Joseph, 168
LSAT (Law School Admissions Test), 60
Lufthansa, 241
Lykes Steamship Line, 84
Lynch, Tim, 277
Lyons, Ellis, 197
MacArthur, Douglas, 56
MacKinnon, George, 281
Macy, John, 141, 152
Maher, Alan, 179
Mahin, Amy Ruth, 90
Manitos, Mike, 150
Mann, Matt, 19–20
Manning, Winton, 204, 205
Mansfield, Mike, 124–25, 126, 127, 128, 136
Mansfield-Dirksen compromise. See Voting Rights Act of 1965
Mansmann, Carol Los, 211
Margolis, Dan, 305
Maritime Board, 84
Marks, Andrew, 320
Marks, Ray, 13
Marshall, Burke
brilliance of, 89, 109
Civil Rights Division leadership, 89, 103, 104, 108, 117, 120, 121, 143–44, 171–72,
181
and voting rights bill draft, 125
Marshall, Thurgood, 99
A-20
Maryland
coal fund litigation, 215
federal habeas availability, 281
Matthews, Wilson, 141
Maugham, W. Somerset, Of Human Bondage, 16
Mayer Brown, 274
Mayers, Dan, 314–15
Mazur, Jay, 230
Mazzaferri, Katherine, 295
McCarthy, Joseph/McCarthyism, 18, 35, 36, 37, 251
McClellan, John, 126
McDougal, Myers, 66, 69
McGowan, Carl E., 315
McKay, James, 280–82, 288
McMillan, John, 150–51
McNamara, Margie, 160
McNamara, Robert, 160, 161
McPherson, Harry, 147, 148
Meese, Edwin, III, 281, 282, 288
Melamed, Douglas, 213
Memphis, Tennessee
King assassination, 182–84
Mental Health Law Project, 235, 287–88
Merck, Sharp and Dohme (drug company), 77
Meredith, James, 101, 103, 106, 144, 186, 220
Metropolitan Housing and Planning Council, 308
Michigan
racial makeup of schools, 202
Mikva, Abner, 115, 213
Miller, Anna, 310
Miller, Herbert J. (Jack), 102, 315
Milton Academy, 107
Mine Funds. See UMWA Health and Retirement Funds
minimum wage/maximum hours, 113, 228
Mississippi
black voter registration statistics, 142
and Civil Rights Division, 139, 176, 178, 184, 186
and local FBI, 176
poll tax challenge, 128, 129
private civil rights interference, 287
school desegregation resistance, 186, 203–4, 205, 218–23
slaying of civil rights workers (1964), 158, 159, 164
university integration violence, 101, 102–6
Mississippi Guard, 106
Mitchell, Clarence, 135
Mobe (mass antiwar effort), 58
A-21
Moe, Dick, 265
Mondale, Walter, 263, 265, 266, 268
Montgomery, Bruce, 274
Montgomery, John M., 45
Moore, James W., 217, 335
Moore, Jenny, 57
Moore, Paul, 57
Moore, Ralph, 201, 210
Moore, Roy, 176
Moore on Bankruptcy, 217, 335
Moore’ s Federal Practice, 217, 335
Morris, Jeffrey Brandon, Calmly to Poise the Scales of Justice, 322
Mosteller, Bob, 91
Moultrie, H. Carl, 310, 314
mud lumps ownership, 95, 99–100
NAACP, 135
Nagasaki atomic devastation, 55–56
Nath, Bernard, 9, 17, 336
Nath, Marjorie, 9
Nath, Ruth, 9
National Association of the Deaf Legal Defense Fund, 235
National Bituminous Coal Wage Agreement of 1974, 209
National Capital Planning Commission, 309
National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, 250
National Education Association, 200–208, 218–23, 227
DuShane Fund, 200–201, 332
New York State Union of Teachers, 206–7
teacher standardized test validation case, 186, 202–6, 218–23
National Housing Administration, 21
Nationality Act of 1940 (Smith Act), 66, 69–70, 311
National Labor Relations Act of 1935, “hot cargo” clause, 100, 115–16, 210
National Labor Relations Board, 96
National Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, 114, 289, 292, 302, 303
National League of Women Voters, 6, 8
National Railway Labor Conference, 198
National Recovery Act of 1933, 28
National Service Program, 119–20
National Student Association, 17, 32–34, 36, 37
National Teachers Examination, 203, 204, 221
National Trust for Historic Preservation, 265
National Women’s Law Center, 298
Native Americans, 39, 40
Navy, U.S., 16, 17, 20, 30, 42–53, 54, 58–60
career potential, 42
college program (Holloway Plan), 27, 32, 40, 41, 43–44, 68
A-22
Mine Warfare School, 50
partial desegregation, 51
Nazis Germany
persecution of Jews, 11, 14–15, 56
NEA. See National Education Association
Neighborhood Legal Services Program, 321
New Deal monetary policy, 28
New Jersey Supreme Court, 78
Newman, Jon O., 41, 65, 66, 67, 68
New York Court of Appeals, 81
New York State Union of Teachers, 206–7
New York Third Avenue Elevated bonds, 67, 69
Nixon, Richard, 190, 194
impeachment proceedings, 248
Nofziger, Lyn, 281–82, 288
Nolan, John, 67, 265, 284, 291
Norfolk, Virginia, 48, 49
Norman, David L., 129, 146, 178–79
North Carolina teacher validation case, 204–5, 206
Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, 6
Northern New England National Student Association, 33
Northmoor country club (Ravinia, Ill.), 8, 11
North Shore Congregation Israel (Glencoe, Ill.), 12
Northwest Airlines, 200
NTE (National Teachers Examination), 203, 204, 221
Nuremburg trials, 272
Oberdorfer, Louis, 74, 103, 109, 113, 114, 230, 231, 250, 290, 292
O’Brien, John Lord, 87
O’Brien, Larry, 150
Office of Economic Opportunity, 120, 121–23
Office of Foreign Agent Registration, 258, 260
Office of Legal Counsel, 41, 64, 103, 118
Ohio Valley Coal Company, 214
Oppenheimer, Ann, 119
Oral History Project, 114, 322
Oregon City, U.S.S., 43
Orrick, Bill, 109
Orshansky, Mollie, 131, 132
overtime pay, 113, 229
Owen, D. Robert, 146, 178
Owen, Roberts, 82
Pan American World Airways, 230
Parke Davis (drug company), 77, 78, 79–80
Partridge, Tony, 120
A-23
Paxton, Robert, 82–83
Peace Corps, 89
Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 15
Penn, John, 303
Pennsylvania Development Commission, 155
Pentagon antiwar demonstrations, 314
Pepper Hamilton, 245
Pershan, Richard, 65
Peterson, Jan, 219
Phillips, Channing, 86, 309
Pickering, John, 294, 299–300
Piel, Bill, 78
Pinney Dock case, 244–47
Pitofsky, Bob, 78
Pittman-Moore (drug company), 77, 78
police behavior, 101
polio vaccine price-fixing case, 77–80
influence of, 21
lineup of lawyers, 78
Polito & Smock, 214
Pollak, David (son), 39
Pollak, Eve (daughter), 184
Pollak, Laura Kramer (mother), 1–2, 3, 4, 13, 14, 18, 71
and Christmas, 53
college education, 1, 5, 25
and family skiing, 8–9, 31
Jewish religious practice, 12
marriage, 5, 25
parents of, 2, 3, 21
personal traits, 9–10
public affairs interest, 7–8, 14–15, 21, 24, 308
strong personality, 21
and traditional wife/mother role, 6, 22, 24–25
and volunteer work, 6, 8, 15, 21–22
work ethic, 21
and World War II, 14–15
Pollak, Linda Jan (daughter), 61, 71, 73, 184–85
Pollak, Louise (sister), 3, 8, 12–13, 29
marriage and adult religious practice, 13
Pollak, Maurice August (father), 1, 3, 4, 7, 13, 14, 71
and Christmas, 53
and college basketball, 11
and family skiing, 8–9, 31
and golf, 8, 12
influence of, 21
and Jewish identity, 11–12, 34, 53
A-24
marriage, 5, 25
naval service, 16, 32, 59
parents of, 2
and public affairs, 15, 308
real estate business, 1–2, 6, 21, 71, 72, 336
and son’s professional achievements, 134–35, 185
and University of Chicago, 1, 11, 13
and volunteer work, 8
work ethic, 21
and World War II, 14–16, 20
Pollak, Roger (son), 184, 252
Dartmouth College, 39–40
and father’s civil rights litigation, 185–86, 220
as labor lawyer, 208
Pollak, Ruth Scheinfeld (wife), 4, 17–18, 23, 32, 67, 154, 160, 260
births of children, 60–62
courtship of, 28–30, 41, 47
honeymoon in France and Italy, 60
and husband’s civil rights work, 183–84, 185
Illinois family ties, 71, 72
marriage, 22, 24, 30
and naval housing, 48–50
religious Jewish background, 13, 53–54
Sarah Lawrence College, 22, 28, 30
and traditional wife/mother role, 14, 16, 22, 24–25, 63, 184, 185
vacation in Aspen and Mexico, 191, 196
Pollak, Stephen J. — Personal
athletic interests, 8, 14, 19–20, 29
and bar exam, 73–74
boyhood, 1–16
books enjoyed, 16
civics interest, 8, 15
lasting friendships, 3–5, 9, 24–26, 68
“prof” nickname, 16
career goals, 16–17
children, 4, 60–62, 63, 71, 73, 208, 220
exposure to civil rights work, 184–86
sons at Dartmouth, 39–40
and Christmas, 13, 53, 54
competitive swimming, 14, 19–20, 26, 29, 37, 38
courtship and marriage, 28–30
Dartmouth College, 5, 17, 25–41
academic courses, 27–28, 61
alumni activity, 39, 40
assessment of experience, 30–31
economics major, 27
A-25
fiftieth reunion (2000), 25–26
influences, 35
Navy program, 17, 27, 32, 41, 44
Phi Beta Kappa, 31
political and social issues, 32, 34–37
reasons for choosing, 13–14, 31–32
social life, 37–38
thesis topic, 28
tuition coverage, 31, 32
and diversity, 10, 11, 12, 63–65
expectations, 24
father (see Pollak, Maurice August)
and fraternities, 13–14
friendships
boyhood, 3–5, 11, 14, 16
college, 26, 31–32, 34, 38, 40, 68
legal profession, 67, 242
Yale Law School, 26, 40–41, 60, 63, 64–65, 74
girlfriends, 9, 17, 28–29, 37–38, 41
government service interest, 16–17
grandparents, 2, 3, 6, 21, 22
Highland Park hometown, 2, 3–4, 9–12, 26
high school, 9–10, 11, 22
fiftieth reunion, 25
Illinois family ties, 71
Jewish identity, 3, 8, 10–13, 53, 54, 72, 75
Korean War service, 17, 22, 30, 45–53, 59
legal career choice, 17, 335–36
marriage, 22, 23, 30, 41, 48 (see also Pollak, Ruth Scheinfeld)
on military intervention, 56–57
mother (see Pollak, Laura Kramer)
National Student Association experience, 17, 32–34, 36, 37
and Navy, 31, 42, 44–60
active duty (1950–1953), 44–53, 58–60
assessment of, 54–56, 58–60
college program (Holloway plan), 17, 27, 32, 41, 44
commission, 45
minesweeper assignment, 50, 51–52
summer sea duty, 43–44
political liberalism, 37
public administration school plans, 16–17, 18
public schools, 5, 7, 9–10, 11, 15–16
public service interest, 16–17, 18, 22, 40, 262, 272
Rappahannock County (Va.) retreat, 185
sister (see Pollak Louise)
and skiing, 8–9, 31, 37, 160, 191, 196, 252–53
A-26
and social issues, 33–35
and traditional gender roles, 5–6, 22, 23–25, 61–63
vacation in Aspen and Mexico, 191, 196
and Washington, D.C., move, 72–73
and World War II, 18–20
Yale Law School, 17, 60–68, 69–71
alumni interests and activity, 40
classmates, 40–41, 63–65, 66–68, 74, 192, 323
comment topic, 66–67, 69–70, 311
and determinant professional relationships, 26, 41, 271, 336–37
exams, 60–61
and “grind syndrome,” 40, 61, 62
impetus for applying to, 18, 32
law clerk application, 67–68
and Law Journal, 40, 41, 62, 65, 69–71
LSAT score, 60
note topic, 67, 69
professors, 65–66, 107, 217, 328, 335
and top ten percent of class, 336–37
Washington, D.C., law firm interviews, 71–72, 74–75, 250, 290
Pollak, Stephen J. — Professional
advice to new law school graduate, 336–37
and appellate argument, 334–35
D.C. Bar Foundation, 319–22
D.C. Bar presidency, 114, 293–94, 297, 299, 300–301, 302
D.C. Circuit Oral History Project, 114, 322
D.C. Circuit Special Committee on Gender Bias, 304–6
and deposition taking, 84–85, 217–18, 219, 221, 332–33
and fact development in case preparation, 217–18, 221, 332, 335
and family life sacrifices, 185
Historical Society of the D.C. Circuit, 114, 242, 289, 317, 322
and judges, 109–17, 274–80
Judicial Conference committees, 313–15
Judicial Nomination Commission, 297–98
law clerk application, 67–68
on legal career, 335–38
major mentors, 76–80, 84, 85, 89, 114, 117, 271, 335
personal library of civil rights material, 307
and priority setting, 167–68
professional associations, 114, 289, 290, 291–322
public service interest, 262, 283, 289–302
Supreme Court appearances, 88, 97–99, 135, 288, 335
and trial preparation, 333–35
Pollak, Stephen J. — Professional — Federal Government
Archives oral history, 193, 195
Civil Rights Division (1965–1969), 39, 109, 120, 121, 125–58, 242, 335
A-27
as Assistant Attorney General (1968–1969), 109, 116, 131, 138–39, 154, 158,
159, 161, 164–90, 250
and crises of first half of 1968, 112, 168–72, 182–84
Johnson’s announcement of appointment, 194
legislation development and implementation, 172, 186–88
and Memphis march after King assassination, 182–84
and personal handling of cases, 171
swearing in ceremony, 169, 185
Washington Planning and Housing Association, 86, 155–56, 290
colleagues, 178–81
and family life, 183–86
first stint (1965–1967), 145–47, 208–9
and Johnson’s human relations legislative program, 146–47
and Nixon Administration resignation request, 190–91, 195
and poll tax cases, 128–34
and Voting Rights Act, 109, 125–34
work demands of, 166–67, 169–70, 184–85
contacts for later private practice, 331–32
departure from (1969), 190–91, 195, 336
and Office of Economic Opportunity, 120, 121–23
and priority setting, 167
and public service, 289
and significant legal relationships, 227
Solicitor General’s Office (1961–1964), 86, 89, 92, 97–123
activities, 92–93
appellate work, 97–102, 334
colleagues, 188–90
mud lumps ownership issue, 95, 99–100
University of Mississippi integration violence, 102–6
Task Force on National Service Program, 101–8, 118–19, 147
unwelcome transition out of, 193, 195, 302
White House Advisor for National Capital Affairs (1967), 112, 145, 147–59, 160–
64, 174, 242
and Califano, 231, 232
personal contacts with President Johnson, 160–64, 194
Pollak, Stephen J. — Professional — Private Practice
belief in clients’ positions, 198
chair position, 325
civil rights cases, 199–200, 231–39
Covington & Burling (1956–1961), 73–91, 197, 250, 290, 308, 311
antitrust price-fixing cases, 77–84, 208, 239
communications case, 75–76
pro bono work, 84, 86–87, 280–81, 289, 290
salary, 87
source of business, 329–30
Goodwin Procter (2004–), 322, 325–28
A-28
Shea & Gardner (1969–2004), 91, 192, 197–287, 322–32
antitrust cases, 239–41, 244–47, 273–80
Billy Carter representation, 216, 256, 257–62
choice of firm, 290–91
disability rights, 231–37
Executive Committee, 324
Ferraro defense, 249, 262–71, 272
ILGWU homework case, 114, 227–31
Jordan representation, 216, 249–57, 262
Lewinsky case, 282, 283
McKay independent counsel assistant, 281–83, 288
NEA cases, 201–8, 218–23, 227, 332
outside activities, 291–92, 301–2
pro bono work, 235, 284–86, 291, 294–303
reduced fees, 266, 271
sources of clients, 331–32
UMWA Funds, 100, 112, 114–16, 208–16, 223–26, 227, 239, 242, 288
as Vitamins Antitrust Litigation special master, 273–80
Pollak, David (son), 74
poll tax cases, 127–34, 135
and poverty line, 130–31
Poor People’s Campaign, 168
poverty program, 118–23
grants to religious groups, 121, 122
six titles, 121–22
Powell, Jody, 249, 250–52, 253, 254
Presidency, U.S.
Special Assistant position, 163–64
See also White House Advisor on National Capital Affairs
presidential election of 1952, 50
presidential election of 1960, 89
presidential election of 1968, 190, 194
presidential election of 1984, 263, 265–68, 272
President’s Assistant for Consumer Affairs, 157
President’s Commission on Crime in the District of Columbia, 313
price-fixing cases, 77–81, 273–79
private vs. public conduct, 285
Pro Bono Institute, 295
pro bono work, 85, 86–87, 235, 284–86, 292–303
D.C. Bar, 294–97, 318
Judicial Conference Standing Committee, 313, 317–18
law firms, 280–81, 289, 290, 296, 303
in Washington, D.C., 86, 218–19
public accommodations law, 291, 292
public housing, 86, 155–56, 308
Public Service Activities Committee, 294–95
A-29
Public Service Review Committee (D.C. Bar), 295
Quaintance, Chad, 179
racial slurs, 51–52
railroads
employment discrimination, 199
rate-setting collusion, 244–46
Rankin, Battle, 179
Rappahannock County, Virginia, 185
Raskin, Marcus, 58
Rauh, Joe, 86, 135
Ravinia, Illinois, 8, 11
Ravinia School, 7, 10, 11
Ray, James Earl, 169, 176
Rayborn, George, 178
Reagan, Ronald, 163, 263
Administration criminal allegations, 281–82, 288
and deregulation, 113–14, 228
Reed, Stanley, 67
Reeves, Carolyn, 218–19
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504, 231–36, 288
Reischer, Otto, 17, 18
Reitz Coal, 213
Reno, Janet, 96
Reports of the Opinion of the Attorney General, 100
Republican Party, 7, 107, 151, 169
and Voting Rights Act, 127
Rich, John, 199, 240, 270, 333
Ritchie, Samuel, 303
Roberts, John, 239
Robinson, Aubrey, 297, 298
Rogers, Judith, 215
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 289, 308
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 7, 19, 20, 28, 223
Rosen, Al, 178
Rosenberg, Beatrice, 96
Rosenberg, Joan, 191
Rosenberg, John, 179, 191
Ross, Alexander, 129
Ross, Susan, 303
Rostow, Eugene, 65
Rowe, Elizabeth (Libby), 309
Rubell, Steve, 251
Rubin, David, 179, 200, 201–2, 227, 332
Russell, Richard, 205
A-30
Russia, 36, 42
Ruth, Henry, 216, 250–51, 252, 258, 259, 327
St. Louis Terminal Railroad, 199–200
St. Paul, U.S.S., 46
Salzman, Chuck, 13
Salzman, Susan, 13
Sanders, Barefoot, 147–48, 150, 160, 161
Sanders, Jan, 160
San Francisco Bar, 295
San Jacinto State College, 287–88
Sarah Lawrence College, 22, 28
educational philosophy, 30
Scheinfeld, Ruth. See Pollak, Ruth Scheinfeld
Schiller, Jonathan, 274
Schlei, Norbert, 41, 60, 64–65, 68
as Harlan law clerk, 67
Office of Legal Counsel, 103, 118
Yale Law Journal editorship, 70
school desegregation, 181, 332
“freedom of choice” plans, 171
Mississippi court challenges, 220
racial makeup of schools, 202
standardized testing of teachers, 201–8, 218–23
University of Mississippi violence, 101, 102–6, 144, 186, 220
Schultz, Bill, 252
Schwartz, Murray, 118
Schwelb, Frank, 179
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), 168
Segal, Bernard, 292
segregation, 48, 49–51, 130
black teachers’ qualifications, 219
and court-ordered integration, 203
de facto, 202
Seidman, Harold, 149
Sellers, Joe, 274, 295
Selma-Montgomery march (1965), 110, 124, 125, 144
Senate, U.S., 136
and Voting Rights bill, 109, 124–25, 126–28
Senate District Committee, 154
Senate Judiciary Committee, 126–27, 164–65
Billy Carter testimony, 259, 260
Shanker, Albert, 206, 207
Shapiro, David, 98
Shapiro, Len, 78, 79
Sharp, Richard, 201, 221–22, 284–85, 317
A-31
Shea, Frank (Francis M.), 90, 91, 192, 197, 198, 302, 323
as chair of firm, 324
death of, 325
legal background, 198, 271–72
Shea & Gardner, 85, 197–287, 322–29, 330
changes in direction, 325–26, 327
compensation system, 192, 301–2
changes, 325–26, 327
seniority-based pay scale, 324–25, 326
fees, 271–72, 277
former law clerks, 323–24
founding, 323
Goodwin Procter merger, 322, 325–28
management committee, 323
minority lawyers, 328
number of lawyers, 198, 271, 323, 327
office location, 327
outside legal activities, 301–2
partner policy, 301–2, 324, 325–26
partners, 117, 192, 197, 198, 216, 225, 240, 250, 270, 323, 326, 327
philosophy, 323–24
pro bono policy, 302–3
public service, 272
stable of clients, 324
women lawyers, 90–91, 329
Shea & Gardner 1947–1994 As Seen by Warner W. Gardner, 323
Sherman & Sterling, 274
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, 100
Shiekman, Laurence, 245
Shorey, C. Everett, 309
Shriver, Sargent, 118–23
Shuba, Tim, 240
Shulman, Harry, 66
Shulman, Rabbi (Glencoe), 12
Shute, Neville, 16
Sidley & Austin, 298
Siena, Jim, 120
sign language interpreter, 235–36, 287–88
Sinkler, Lorraine, 15
Sisk, Robert, 40–41
Skidmore College, 38
skiing, 8–9, 31, 37, 160, 252–53
Smith, Gerald L. K., 15
Smith, Howard (judge), 111
Smith, Howard K. (news commentator), 160, 161
Smith, Jacob, 52–53
A-32
Smith, Orma, 203, 204, 219, 220
Smith Act of 1940, 66, 69–70, 311
Smith College, 1, 5, 25
Soboloff, Simon, 280–81
Social Security Administration, 215
Solicitor General’s Office, 86, 89, 117–19, 189, 316
and AG Criminal Division appeals, 101–2
assistants/areas of expertise, 94–96
atmosphere, 96, 189–90
attorneys, 188–90
brief production, 94
and Cox, 92–99, 189
independence of, 102
location of offices, 93–94
Sonnenschein law firm (Chicago), 336
South Carolina
segregation, 48, 49–51
standardized test validation of teachers, 204–6, 223
Spears, Adrian, 133
Special Committee on Gender Bias (D.C. Circuit), 303–6
litigation process committee, 305
report, 305–6
special prosecutor, 251–52, 253, 255
See also independent counsel
Specter, Arlen, 41, 65, 68
Spitzer, Emily, 320
Spivack, Gordon, 80, 82
Spritzer, Ralph, 94, 189
Stagg, Amos Alonzo, 11
Starkville Municipal Separate School District (Miss.), 203, 204, 218–21
teacher litigation, 218–22
Starr, Kenneth, 282
statelessness, as cruel and unusual punishment, 66–67, 69–70, 311
States Marine steamship company, 84, 85
steamship companies, 84–85
steel ore, 244–45
Steinem, Gloria, 138
Steptoe & Johnson, 284, 291, 305
Stern, Ginny, 234
Stern, Sam, 74, 250
Stevenson, Adlai, 52
Stewart, Potter, 236, 287
Strauss, Anna Lord, 6
Strauss, Bob, 254–55
Studio 54 (N.Y.C. club), 251–52, 255, 262
Sullivan, William, 178
A-33
Sullivan & Cromwell, 78, 274, 303
Superior Court of the District of Columbia, 117, 242, 297
Supreme Court, U.S.
antitrust case, 213
civil rights cases, 187–88, 232, 284, 285–86, 287
Coal Act litigation, 214
criminal defendants rights, 281
disability case, 235–36, 288
Expatriation Act ruling, 66, 70, 311–12
and law clerks, 66, 67, 68, 74, 108, 179, 198, 201, 250, 323
Pollak argument before, 88, 97–99, 135, 288, 335
poll tax ruling, 129
school desegregation cases, 201, 206
Solicitor General cases, 97–99
UMWA Funds case, 115, 213, 288
Voting Rights Act cases, 171, 238, 239
Swiss Air, 241
Tarr, Alan, 26
Task Force on a National Service Program, 106–8, 118, 147
Task Force on Gender, Race, and Ethnic Bias, 303–6
Task Force on the War on Poverty, 118
Tatel, David S., 238–39
teachers
AFT-NYSUT merger case, 206–7
standardized tests validation cases, 202–6, 218–23
Tennessee, 284
Tennessee Guard, 182, 183
Terris, Bruce, 86, 95, 145, 156, 189, 309
Texas
poll tax challenge, 128, 129–31, 132–34
Thompson, Frank, 119
Thornberry, Homer, 128
three-judge panels, 128, 131, 134, 205
Tidelands Act, 95
tobacco litigation, 274
Tokyo, 66
trial preparation, 333–34, 336
Truman, Harry, 17, 27, 44, 51
Trustees of the United Mine Workers of America Health & Retirement Funds. See
UMWA Health and Retirement Funds
Tubb, Thomas, 218, 219–20
Turner, Jim, 179
TV stations license renewal, 76
Tweed, Harrison, 292
Tyler, Harold, 89, 146
A-34
UHF licenses, 76
UMWA Combined Benefit Fund, 214, 215, 225
UMWA Health and Retirement Funds, 100, 112, 114–16, 208–16, 223–26, 227, 242,
250–51
and Blankenship ruling, 225
challenges to practices of 223=24
coal moisture cases, 225–26
as independent from United Mine Workers Union, 223
Multi-District Litigation Panel, 211
people involved, 223–26
purchase-of-coal clause, 209–10, 211–13, 214
Supreme Court case, 115, 213, 288
Trustees, 224, 225, 239, 250
UMWA Welfare and Retirement Fund of 1950, 223
United Mine Workers of America, 223, 224
United States Departments. See key word
University of California, Berkeley, 40, 68
University of Chicago, 1, 2, 5, 11, 13, 25
University of Chicago Law School, 336
University of Mississippi
Meredith registration, 101, 102–6, 144, 186, 220
University of Pennsylvania, 92, 336
University of Texas, Austin, 235, 236, 284, 286, 287
University of Texas Law School, 130
University of the District of Columbia, 155, 156, 313
University of Wisconsin, 17
Urban Coalition, 191, 195, 196, 336
Urban Institute, 191, 196–97, 336
urban problems, 196
urban renewal, 86, 289, 309, 310
Urban Renewal Committee, 309
urban riots, 112, 138, 144–45, 168
U.S. Attorney’s Office, 336
U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 67, 100–102, 115, 209, 213,
215
book on history of, 322
Division for Appointment of Independent Counsels, 181–82
Garment Workers homework case, 114, 230
Historical Society, 114, 242, 289, 317, 322
Judicial Conference, 313–19, 320
Administration of Justice Under Emergency Conditions report (1973), 314–16
Standing Pro Bono Committee, 313, 317–18
judicial dynamics, 315–16
landlord/tenant case, 244
Panel of Mediator, 238
A-35
Special Committee on Gender Bias, 303–6
Task Force on Gender, Race, and Ethnic Bias, 303, 304, 306
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, 225, 226, 248
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, 94
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, 204, 220
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, 91, 205, 280–81
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 41, 65, 67, 312
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, 199
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, 115, 211, 212
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Western District of Pennsylvania, 115
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, 84, 108, 117, 209, 211, 238, 303
amicus for airline antitrust case, 239, 240, 241
antitrust cases, 112–13, 239–42
book on history of, 322
ILGWU homework case, 114, 230, 231
and Judge Gessel, 114–17, 208
and Judge Greene, 110, 112–13, 114, 115, 116, 170, 239, 242–44
and judges’ gender bias, 303, 306
Judicial Nomination Commission, 297–98
landlord/tenant case, 243–44
Panel of Mediators, 238
UMWA Health and Pension Funds cases, 226, 242
vitamins antitrust pre-trial discovery, 273–79
Voting Rights Act implementation, 140, 239
women judges, 306
U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, 77
U.S. District Court for the District of Texas, 133–34
U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, 81
U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, 283
U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, 181
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, 225–26
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi, 186, 203–4, 219, 220
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York, 207
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, 245
U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, Alton Division, 199
U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, 214, 226
U.S. District Court for the Southern Florida District, 248
U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, 211, 212, 213
U.S. District Court of Maryland, 237
U.S. Steel, 211
Vance, Cyrus, 145
VHF channels, 76
Vietnam War, 56–58, 150, 157, 161
lawyers involved, 274
See also antiwar protests
A-36
Vinson, Fred, 169
Virginia, 48, 49, 50
Coal Fund litigation, 215
poll tax challenge, 128, 129, 134, 135
VISTA (domestic peace corps), 106, 107, 118, 119–20, 121
Vitamins Antitrust Litigation, 273–80
complexity of, 275, 726–77
criminal fines, 278
foreign defendants, 273, 276
special master for discovery disputes, 273, 275–80
trials, 278–79
voluntary bar associations, 293, 299
Volunteers in Service to America. See VISTA
volunteer work, women and, 6, 8, 15, 21–22, 23–24
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 109, 110–11, 124–34, 135, 150, 172, 242
bailout cases, 238–39
committee changes in bill, 126–28
and election monitoring, 170
and federal examiners, 141–42, 170
implementation of, 140–43, 170, 217
major Supreme Court cases, 171, 238, 239
Mansfield-Dirksen compromise, 124, 124–28
and poll tax cases, 127–34
and voter registration, 170
Wald, Patricia, 303, 314, 317, 322
Wallace, George, 131, 132
War Housing Administration, 21
Warin, Roger, 305
Warnke, Paul, 145
War on Poverty. See poverty program
Warren, Earl, 66, 67, 68, 74, 201, 250
Washington, Benetta, 159
Washington, D.C., 17–18, 71–72
ACLU pro bono work, 86
Adams Morgan neighborhood redevelopment, 309
Bar Association. See D.C. Bar
City Council, 152–53, 154, 158, 314
civil rights representation, 284, 287–88
Clifton Terrace renovation, 309, 310
criminal justice system reforms, 313
D.C. Bar Foundation, 319–20
demonstrations and protest marches, 168, 314, 315
first mayor, 152, 153, 154, 158
home rule bill, 148–52
law firms, 71–72, 192, 290
A-37
legal services for poor and disadvantaged, 318–19, 321–22
local court system, 112
local government reorganization, 149–54, 156, 158–59, 162, 164
majority minority population, 152
pro bono services, 86, 318–19
public housing, 86, 155–56, 289, 308
racial unrest and riots (1967, 1968), 112, 138, 145, 156, 168
redevelopment planning, 155, 309–10
three Commissioners, 153–54
University of the District of Columbia, 155, 156, 313
urban renewal, 86, 289, 309, 310
White House Advisor on National Capital Affairs, 112, 145, 147–54, 312–13
Washington, George, (D.C. Circuit judge), 67
Washington, Walter, 152, 154, 158–59
Washington Housing Association. See Washington Planning and Housing Association
Washington Lawyer (Horsky), 311
Washington Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights and Urban Affairs, 321
Washington Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, 284, 289, 291–93
Washington Legal Foundation, 268, 269, 270
Washington Planning and Housing Association, 86, 155–56, 289, 290, 308–11
board members, 310
Washington Post, 158, 159
TV and radio stations, 75, 76
Washington Technical Institute, 155
Watergate, 216, 251
Waters, Bernie, 126
Watson, Kackie, 20
Watts riots (Los Angeles), 145
WEAVE (Women Empowered Against Violence), 321
Weaver, Robert, 148
Webster, William, 268
Webster Hospital (Ky.), 209, 239
Weeks, Chris, 119
Weiner, Rob, 295, 320
Welbilt Electronic Die Corporation, 281–82
Welch, Bill, 126
Westinghouse, 81
West Point, Mississippi, 218
White, Wendy S., 91, 117, 225–26, 234, 270, 281, 282, 288
White, Byron, 100, 109, 213, 288
White, Harry Dexter, 36
White House Advisor on National Capital Affairs, 112, 145, 147–59, 160–64, 174, 231,
232, 242, 312–13
office and long working hours, 156–57
Wiesel, Edwin, 161
Wilkey, Malcolm, 115, 213
A-38
Willens, Howard, 101
Willey, Kathleen, 283
Williams, Stephen F., 215
Williamsburg, Virginia, 50, 52
Williams College, 31
Willis, Everett, 78, 79
Willkie, Wendell, 7
Wilmer Cutler & Pickering, 71, 205, 213, 303, 309
Wilson, Henry Hall, 150
Wisconsin, 9, 13, 29, 53–54
witness examination, 217–18, 219, 332–33
grand jury, 282
Wittinghill, Craig, 80, 82
Wodach, John, 236
Wofford, Harris, 88–89
women
and discrimination (see gender discrimination)
and Title VII equal employment provision, 111, 172
traditional wife/mother role, 5–6, 14, 16, 22, 23–25, 61–63, 184, 185
U.S. Vice-President candidate, 263, 265–68, 272
women and the legal profession
appointments as judges, 306
assets, 329
Justice Department, 96
Civil Rights Division, 165–66, 179, 209
law school enrollment, 63, 64, 90, 166
National Women’s Law Center, 298
paralegals, 157, 165, 179, 207, 228
prominent law firms, 89–90, 329
Women Empowered Against Violence, 321
women’s movement, 138–39, 181
Wood, Harlington, 199
Woodwell, George, 25
World War I, 16, 32
World War II, 14–15, 18–19, 20, 26, 36, 43, 74, 223
devastation of, 55–56
Japanese-American internment, 19
Yale Law School, 17, 18, 26, 32, 40, 41, 60–71, 74, 107, 123, 217, 323, 335, 336–37
black students, 63–64
and grades, 64
law firm interviews, 74–75
Law Journal, 40, 41, 60, 62, 64, 65, 69–71
and public service, 290
returned Korean War veterans, 36, 63, 64
significant graduates, 109
A-39
and Washington, D.C., law firms, 71, 192
women students, 63, 64
Yale University, 31
Yarmolinsky, Adam, 119
Yorktown, Virginia, 50
Youghiogheny & Ohio Coal Company, 116
Young,Andrew, 168
Zaccaro, John, 264, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272
Zimmerman, Ed, 192
Zimny, Max, 228, 230
