A-1 INDEX Oral History of Daniel “Mack” Armstrong ABC television, 90, 138 Abingdon, Virginia, 121–22 African Americans, 3, 4–5 Brooklyn U.S. Attorney’s office, 44 civil rights movement, 9–12 See also minorities American Security Council Foundation, 107–8, 111–12, 113, 114, 117 American Tobacco Company, 28 Anderson, Jack, 37–38 anti-siphoning rules, 102, 151–52 See also Home Box Office antitrust, 38, 40, 101, 151–52 antiwar demonstrations, 12 FBI agent confrontations, 58, 59 injunctions, 40–41 Armstrong, Daniel (“Mack”) — Personal and athletics, 2–3, 4 birthdate, 1, 2 birthplace, 1 boyhood, 2–5 close family life, 3–4, 20–21 elementary school, 2, 4 pastimes, 4 prep school, 2–3, 5–6, 7, 20 small-town life, 1, 3–4, 5, 7, 15, 26–27 summers in North Carolina, 2, 4, 5 brother, 1, 20, 148–49 career plan, 16–17, 18–19 debating, 6, 7–9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17 family background, 3–4, 7 family obligations, 148–49 father, 1, 7, 18, 20, 21, 29 background and education, 1 church attendance, 3–4 family department store, 1, 7 golf, 4 Parkinson’s disease, 148, 149 World War II service, 2 Harvard Law School, 12–15, 17, 19–26, 28–29, 40, 148 academic challenge, 21–22 choice factors, 18 A-2 classes, 22–23 draft deferments, 14, 15 FCC seminar, 29 first-year pressures, 20–21, 24–25 friendships, 21, 25 law firm interviews, 25–26, 45 moot court team, 28–30 Republican clubs, 13, 21 second-year exam grades, 28 third year, 28–29 women students, 34 interest in law, 6 law school applications, 17–18 maternal grandparents, 1–2, 4, 5, 6, 7 McCallie School, 2–3, 5–6, 7, 20 mother, 1, 7, 18, 20, 21 death, 148 North Carolina family, 1–2, 3, 6 Navy JAG (Judge Advocate General) commission, 16, 19–20, 30, 37, 43 training, 31–34 Phi Beta Kappa, 17 political conservatism, 12, 13, 134 religion, 3–4 Republican politics, 13, 16, 21, 44, 45–46, 134–35 and southern race relations, 3, 4–5, 9–12 temperament, 11–12, 22 uncles, 6, 7 University of North Carolina, 2–3, 6–8, 148 activities, 6, 7–9, 10, 16, 26 American history major, 6, 16, 17 choice factors, 7 debate team, 6, 7–9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17 honors program, 7, 8, 17 Morehouse Scholarship, 2–3, 7 and Vietnam War, 12–16, 14, 15, 28 draft deferments, 14–16 naval commission, 16, 19–20, 30, 31–34, 37 Armstrong, Daniel (“Mack”) — Professional and appellate litigation, 75–76, 93–94 bar exam, 14–16, 19 Chadbourne and Parke summer associate, 16, 19, 26–28, 30, 44 duties and work environment, 27–28 Communications Bar Association award, 10 and criminal law, 32, 39–40 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 9, 30, 40, 46–72, 93 departure from, 64–65, 70, 73 A-3 and Gray’s confirmation hearings, 68–69, 70 and Gray’s last day, 63–64 duties as Gray staff assistant, 47–48, 49–50, 60, 61, 63 interactions with Felt, 60–67 opinion of Gray, 42, 47–49 regrets, 71–72 and Watergate, 53–54, 57–58, 68–69 Federal Communications Commission, 29, 30, 73–161 Administrative Law Division, 83, 88–98, 99 cases, 90–92, 93, 94, 99 assessment of chairmen, 74, 126–48, 149, 150–51 duration of service, 148–49, 163 hiring interviews, 72, 73–74 Litigation Division chief, 83, 92–98, 99, 101–25, 126–61 case preparation, 113–14, 119, 155–56, 158 and congressional oversight hearing, 153–55 and D.C. Circuit appearances, 155–58, 160–61 first major defeat, 86 last argument, 163–64 preparation for argument, 111–18, 156–57 unhappy experiences, 147–48, 157–59 division of work, 156 and Fourth Circuit litigation, 119–23 job responsibilities, 99–100, 104, 105 lawyer colleagues, 161–62 as nonpolitical position, 149–50 and policy differences, 150–51 private bar relationship, 111–13, 115–17, 121–22 mentors, 162–63 significant cases, 97, 102, 103–19 Litigation Division staff attorney, 75–87, 88, 94 opinion of Felt, 60–67 retirement, 163 opinion of Nixon, 44–46 prosecutorial background, 73 trial work, 20, 30–31, 36, 74–75 U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division, personal assistant, 35–40, 42–43, 46, 48–49, 50, 73 U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of New York (Brooklyn), Assistant U.S. Attorney, 20, 30–31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43–44, 46, 47, 76 and Watergate, 51, 52, 53–63, 67–70 FBI 302 files, 68–69 as information conduit, 57–58, 72n luncheon with Gray, 54–55, 57, 58, 59 personal suspicions, 53 Army Corps of Engineers, 36 A-4 AT&T, 105, 116, 152, 161 Attorney General. See U.S. Attorney General Bankruptcy Code, 157–58 bar exam, 14–16, 19 Barrett, Andrew, 139 Bazelon, David L., 85, 97, 160 Beard, Dita, 37–38, 39, 42 Bernstein, Carl, 52 Berry, Matthew, 147 Bork, Robert, 136 Boston RKO comparative renewal case, 128 Bradley, Bill, 153–54, 155 Bradley bill, 153–54 broadcast industry deregulation advocates, 131, 143, 144 entertainment format change, 84, 105–7, 161 facilities ownership, 84 Fairness Doctrine, 107–8, 111–12, 113, 117, 132–33, 136–37 family viewing hour, 94 and FCC chairmen, 143, 146 financial interest rule, 91–92, 138–39, 141, 148, 152–53 indecency cases, 94–98, 127, 136, 137 Seven Dirty Words Order, 97 license payment default, 157–58 license renewal cases, 108–11, 117, 118, 127–28, 130, 150, 153–55, 156 license transfer to corporations, 135–36 low-power radio stations, 146 minority and female ownership, 87, 134, 136, 144, 151, 163 minority employment, 84, 108–9, 118, 145–46 newspaper cross-ownership and divestiture, 97, 100, 102, 103–4, 109, 110, 111, 112, 121, 127, 151, 161 pressure on FCC, 128–29, 160–61 Prime Time Access Rule, 90–92, 93, 94, 99, 138 reduced First Amendment protection, 136–37 relaxed ownership rules advocates, 144 syndication rule, 91–92, 138–41, 148, 152–53, 158–59 VHF television, 153–54 See also cable television; network television Brooklyn U.S. Attorney’s Office. See U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of New York Burch, Dean, 73, 126, 131 Burger, Warren, 84 Bush, George H. W., 138, 147, 151 Byrd, Robert, 68, 69, 70 Byse, Clark, 23 A-5 Cable Act (1992), 142 cable television deregulation, 131, 143 movie and sports events program restriction, 84, 101, 121, 122–23, 124, 151–52, 156 utility pole rates, 89 Canton, North Carolina, 9 Carlin, George, 94–95, 96 Seven Dirty Words challenge, 97–98 Carter, Jimmy, 100, 126 CB radio. See citizens band radio CBS network, 90, 107–8, 111–12, 138 cellular telephones, 132 censorship, 137 See also indecency issues Central Intelligence Agency, 52, 54, 55, 58, 59 Chadbourne and Parke, 16, 19, 20, 24, 26–28, 30, 44 major clients, 28 Channel 9 (VHF television station), 153–54 Chapel Hill. See University of North Carolina Chappaquiddick incident, 56 Chicago, 84, 106 children’s television programming, 94, 124–25 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency citizens band radio (CB radio), 73–74, 79–80, 89 civil rights, 9–12, 151 Civil War, 3 classical music stations, 84, 106 Clayton Act (1914), 105, 115, 152 Clinton, Bill, 141, 142, 145, 146 Committee to Re-elect the President, 53–54, 59–60 Communications Act (1934), 29, 81, 109 bankruptcy law vs. licensing law, 157, 158 public interest standard, 84, 106 Section 315 (Fairness Doctrine), 133 Section 402, 100–101 Section 402(b), 101–2 unauthorized license transfers, 135–36 Communications Act (1996), 142 Communications Bar Association, 10 comparative license renewal cases, 109–11, 117, 127–28, 130, 156 Comsat-IBM domestic satellite service, 105, 115–17, 121–22, 152 Congress, U.S., 153–55 See also Senate Judiciary committee corporate licenses, 135–36 court-martial, 31, 32 A-6 Covington & Burling, 112 criminal law, 32, 39–40 Dahlberg, Kenneth, 59–60 Daytona Beach (Fla.) comparative license renewal case, 109–11, 117, 127–28, 130, 156 D.C. Circuit. See U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Dean, John, 43, 50, 51, 52–53, 63, 67, 68, 69, 70 Deep Throat. See Felt, Mark Democratic National Convention (1972), 42 Democratic Party, 6, 44 FCC appointees, 128, 130, 133–34, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144 Diem. See Ngo Dinh Diem discrimination. See civil rights; employment discrimination District of Columbia. See Washington, D.C.; U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit domestic intelligence, 49, 71 domestic satellite joint entry case, 105, 115–17, 121–22, 152 Dyk, Timothy, 163 Easterbrook, Frank H., 140 Eastland, James, 37, 70 Edwards, Harry T., 158–59 Ehrlichman, John, 50, 52, 53, 56, 72n Ellsberg, Daniel, 71 employment discrimination, 84, 108–9, 118, 145–46 pre-designation discovery, 109 en banc review, 108, 110–11, 114, 116–17, 118–19, 124, 125, 128, 129, 152 environmental law, 30 Environmental Protection Agency, 64 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 118, 145–46 Ervin, Sam, 70 evidentiary hearing, 116, 117, 118 ExecuNet litigation, 116, 161 ex parte contacts, 123, 124, 129 Fairness Doctrine, 107–8, 111–12, 113, 117, 132–33, 136–37 repeal, 133, 136 family television viewing, 94 FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI Academy (Quantico, Va.), 48, 49 FCC. See Federal Communications Commission Federal Bureau of Investigation, 9, 30, 39, 46–65, 71–72, 93 brick agents, 46–47, 51, 54–55, 57, 58, 59, 62 D.C. field office head transfer, 58 and Felt, 51, 52, 58, 60–63, 64, 65–67 Gray as acting director, 39, 40, 47–49, 50, 58 A-7 Gray confirmation hearings, 67 Gray resignation, 51, 63–64 and Nixon White House, 43, 50, 51, 52–53, 56, 63, 67, 68, 69, 72n offices in Main Justice building, 50 Watergate investigation, 51, 52–53, 54–55, 57, 58–59, 63, 67, 68–69, 71 302 files, 68 Federal Communications Commission, 9, 29, 30, 42, 65, 72, 73–161 agenda review process, 89 appellate work, 73–74, 76–77, 88, 100 broadcast industry pressure, 128–29, 160–61 chairman-commissioner interaction, 77–79, 136, 148 chairmen, 92–93, 94, 96, 120–21, 126–48, 150–51 and circuit lottery, 139–40 commissioner reduction from seven to five, 133–34 commissioner term of office, 79 Common Carrier Bureau, 105 Communications Act Section 402(b) cases, 81–82 D.C. Circuit relations, 83–88, 95, 97, 98, 106, 160–61 deregulation advocates, 132, 139, 143, 144 division on comparative license renewal, 127–28 enforcement action, 79–80 and ex parte contacts, 123–24, 129 Fairness Doctrine, 107–8, 132–33 repeal, 133, 136 Field Operations Bureau, 77, 79–80 General Counsel, 73, 133, 137, 146–47, 150–51, 162 General Counsel’s Office, 100, 114, 129, 144, 150, 162, 164 and indecency issues, 94–98, 136, 137 Litigation Division, 75–87, 88, 89, 92–98, 97, 99, 101–25, 126–61 overall structure, 77–79 and political pressure, 103, 152–53 Prime Time Access Rule, 90–92, 93, 94, 99, 124–25, 138 public interest standard, 157 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 162 Federal Judicial Center, circuit lottery, 139–40 Federal Reporter, 9 Felt, Mark (Deep Throat) Armstrong assessment of, 60–67 and domestic break-ins indictment, 71 and FBI, 51, 52, 58, 60–63, 64, 65–67 revealed as Deep Throat, 51, 57, 61, 62, 65, 66, 72n Ferris, Charles, 100, 106, 126–27, 128, 129–32, 136, 143–44, 150 as activist FCC chairman, 131, 153 financial interest rule, 91–92, 138–39, 141, 148, 152–53 White House repeal recommendation, 152–53 See also syndication rule A-8 Finch, Robert, 30 First Amendment, 107, 136–37 Folger Shakespeare Library, 8 Ford, Gerald, 132 Fowler, Mark S., 102, 131–37, 138, 143, 150 financial interest/syndication rules repeal effort, 152–53 RKO license renewal hearing, 154–55 Fried, Charlie, 22–23 Genachowski, Julius, 147 Georgia, 122 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 160 Gray, L. Patrick, III FBI acting director, 39, 46, 47–49, 50, 60–62, 66 destruction of documents, 51, 54, 55, 56, 63, 64, 70, 71 lunches in office dining room, 60–61 resignation, 51, 63–64, 70, 71 and Watergate, 51–56, 57, 58, 62–63, 66, 67, 68–69 FBI director confirmation hearings, 53, 67–69 and Felt as Deep Throat revelation, 57, 65 need-to-know operation, 49, 51 posthumous book publication, 57–58 U.S. Assistant Attorney General, 30, 35, 36–37, 40–43 Griswold, Erwin, 25 Gulf of Tonkin incident, 13 Hardison, O. B., 8 Hart, Philip, 37, 70 Harvard Law School, 12–15, 17, 18, 19, 20–26, 28–30, 40, 148 classes and atmosphere, 22–23 competitive environment, 24–25 five end-of-the-year exams, 24–25 law firm interviews, 25–26, 45 moot court, 28–30 Republican club, 13, 21, 44 Socratic method, 19, 23 and Vietnam War, 12–13, 28 draft deferments, 14, 15 women students, 34, 35 Hastie, William, 120, 121 HBO. See Home Box Office Health, Education, and Welfare Department, U.S., 30, 35 Herwig, Barbara, 35, 36–37, 48–49, 50, 51, 60, 68–69, 71 Hobbs Act (1946), 81, 100, 101 Holland, Max, 66, 67 Leak: Why Mark Felt Became Deep Throat, 72n A-9 Hollywood studios, 92, 123, 138–39, 140, 152, 153 Home Box Office, 84, 86, 97, 102, 104, 120–25, 151–52, 156, 160–61 Hoover, J. Edgar, 39, 49, 50, 60, 61–62, 67 House Telecommunications Subcommittee, 154–55 Hruska, Janet, 50 Hruska, Roman, 50 Humphrey, Hubert, 42 Hundt, Reed, 142, 143, 144–45, 147 Hunt, Howard, 39, 56, 69, 70 IBM-Comsat domestic satellite service, 105, 115–17, 121–22, 152 indecency issue, 85, 94–98, 127, 136, 137 Seven Dirty Words challenge, 97–98 Indonesia, 32, 33 Ingle, John, 104, 156 ITT, 37–38, 39 antitrust settlement, 38, 40 Jacobs, Barbara, 29, 34 Jaffe, Louis L., 29 Japan, 33 Jennes, Ernie, 112, 162–63 Johnson, Lyndon B., 13 Justice Department, U.S., 29, 40, 71, 97 Civil Rights Division, 151 and FCC positions, 100, 101–4, 105, 106–7, 113, 121, 151–52 and White House policy directives, 40, 41–43 See also U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division Kennard, William E., 144–46 Kennedy, Edward M., 37, 56, 70 Kennedy, John F., 12, 56 assassination, 13, 66 Killory, Diane, 150 Kimelman, Henry, 72n Kingsport,Tennessee, 1 Kinley, David, 29, 30, 35, 36–37, 48–49, 51, 60, 68–69, 71 Kleindienst, Richard, 37, 38 Knoxville, Tennessee, 7 Kopp, Bob, 40, 41 law firms, summer associate interviews, 26 Law of the Sea, 32–34 Law School Admissions Test (LSAT), 17, 18 Lebanon Valley radio station application appeal, 80–83, 85–87 Lee, Robert, 131, 132 A-10 Leventhal, Harold, 85, 97, 98, 111 Lichtenstein, Chuck, 72, 126 Liddy, Gordon, 39, 56 Los Angeles RKO comparative renewal case, 130, 153 LSAT (Law School Admissions Test), 17, 18 Lutheran Church case, 145–46 MacKinnon, George, 124–25 Mago, Jane, 146–47, 162 Malacca, Strait of, 32, 43 Malaysia, 32, 33 Marino, Joe, 75, 80, 81–82, 83, 88, 92, 94–95, 97 Marshall, Sherrie P., 139, 148 Martha Washington Inn, 122 Martin, Kevin, 147, 148 Mary Baldwin College, 1 McCallie School, 2–3, 5–6, 7, 20 McGovern, George, 72n McGowan, Carl E., 84, 106, 161 MCI, 116, 161 Metro Broadcasting, 125, 151, 163 Miami, Florida, 42, 43, 60 military law, 31–32 minorities broadcast station employment, 84, 108–9, 118, 145–46 broadcast station ownership, 87, 134, 136, 144, 151, 163 See also African Americans Mitchell, John, 37 moot courts, 28–30, 113, 114 Morehouse Scholarship, 2–3, 7 Morrison, Alan, 22 Motion Picture Association of America, 91–92, 138, 139, 153 movies, 123 See also Hollywood Studios Mt. Mansfield case, 90–91 National Association of Broadcasters convention, 123–24 general counsel, 162 national defense, 107–8 National Environment Policy Act (NEPA), 36 National Security Agency, 49, 53 Naval Indoctrination School, 31 Naval Justice School, 31–32, 33 Navy, U.S., JAG (Judge Advocate General), 16, 19–20, 30, 31–34, 37, 43 NBC network, 90, 138 A-11 Neaher, Edward, 20 network television pay-cable competition, 84, 122–23, 131, 151–52 prime time rules, 90–92, 93, 94, 99, 124, 138 reduced dominance, 138 rerun and syndication rules, 91–92, 138–41, 148, 152–53, 158–59 New Hampshire Attorney General, 23 New Jersey, 153–55 Newport, Rhode Island, 16, 19–20, 31, 33 newspaper/broadcast cross-ownership and divestiture, 97, 100, 102, 103–4, 111, 112, 121, 127 divestiture extent, 109, 110, 151, 161–62 New York, 18, 20, bar exam, 15, 16, 19 RKO comparative renewal case, 130, 153–54 summer associate position, 16, 19, 20, 24, 26–28, 36, 44 See also U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of New York New York Times, 19, 20 NextWave case, 147–48, 157–58 Ngo Dinh Diem, 12, 56 Ngo Dinh Nhu, 12, 56 Nhu, Madame, 12 Nixon, Richard M., 37, 38, 40–45, 134 D.C. Court of Appeals appointees, 85, 86 and FBI, 43, 50, 51, 52–53, 56, 63, 67, 68, 69, 72n Justice Department policy directives, 40, 41–43 1968 election, 30, 42, 45 1972 re-election campaign, 37–39, 42–43, 53–54, 59–60 tapes, 52 See also Watergate Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie and Alexander, 45 North Carolina, 1–2, 3, 6, 7, 8–9, 148 race relations, 5, 10–12 See also University of North Carolina North Carolina Utilities Commission, 104–5 North Korea, 32 Obama, Barack, 147 Office of the Counsel to the President, 42–43, 69 Oswald, Lee Harvey, 66 Pacifica case, 85, 96–98, 127 Judge Leventhal dissent, 97, 98 Parker, Kellis, 10–12 Pash, Grey, 159 Patrick, Dennis, 133, 137–38, 150 A-12 pay cable. See cable television Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 1 Pettit, Jack, 88 Posner, Richard, 92, 140, 141, 152 Powell, Michael, 144, 146, 147–48, 157 pre-designation discovery, 109 Presbyterian Church, 3–4, 4 President, U.S. See White House; specific presidents Presidential election of 1968, 30, 42, 45 Presidential election of 1972, 37–38, 39, 42–43, 72n Committee to Re-elect the President, 53–54, 59–60 Prime Time Access Rule, 90–92, 93, 99, 138 children’s programming exemptions, 94, 124–25 Princeton University, 2, 7 public interest groups, 118, 143, 144 public interest standard, 157 Pueblo incident (1969), 32 Quantico, Virginia, 48 Quello, James, 128, 139, 141–42, 143, 144, 150 radio stations. See broadcast industry Randolph, Ray, 50 Reagan, Ronald, 107, 131, 132, 152, 153 Red Lion decision, 136–37 Reeves, Judge fifth circuit, 121, 122 Republican National Committee, 38, 43 Republican National Convention (1972), site choice, 38, 42–43 Republican Party, 1, 6, 16, 21, 43, 44, 45–46 FCC appointees, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134–35, 136, 138, 139, 142, 144, 147 Harvard organizations, 13, 21, 44 Rhodes Scholars, 2 Ripon Society, 13 RKO license renewal, 130, 153–55 Robinson, Glen, 95–96 Rogersville, Tennessee, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 26 Rogovin, John, 147 Rosenbloom, David, 22 Rosenbloom, Joel, 163 Rothstein, Barbara Jacobs, 29, 34 Ruckelshaus, William, 64 Sachs, Steve, 63, 71 Sanders, Carl, 122 San Diego, California, 38, 42 Sans Souci restaurant, 54, 55, 57, 58 A-13 Saylor, David, 106, 107, 131 Schlick, Austin, 147 school desegregation, 3, 5 Secaucus, New Jersey, 154 segregation, 4–5 Senate Judiciary Committee, 37, 68, 69, 70 Sentelle, David B., 8–9, 10, 160 Sharp, Stephen, 162 Sikes, Alfred, 138, 139, 140, 148 Silberman, Laurence, 159–60 Singapore, 32, 33 Sirica, John, 67–68 Smith, Jack, 162 Socratic method, 19, 23 Solicitor General. See U.S. Solicitor General Souter, David, 22, 23–24, 29 South Bend, Indiana, 139 South Vietnam, 12, 13, 56 See also Vietnam War Special Prosecutor’s Office, 71 Sperry Rand, 28 sports broadcasts, 84 Steele case, 134 Stephanopoulos, George, 57 Sternstein, Susan, 79 Sunshine Act, 78, 79, 96 Supreme Court, U.S. chief justice, 33 and FCC litigation, 100, 101, 106 indecency case, 95, 96, 97–98 justices, 23 minority ownership case, 125, 151, 163 newspaper/broadcast cross-ownership divestiture ruling , 100, 109, 110, 111, 127, 128, 161–62 radio program format change case, 106, 107 station ownership case, 84 warrantless wiretaps ruling, 49 syndication rule, 91–92, 138–41, 148, 158–59 White House repeal recommendation, 152–53 See also financial interest rule Tamm, Edward A., 82, 85, 97, 124 Tarboro, North Carolina, 2, 5, 10 Tatel, David S., 158 telephones cellular, 132 A-14 common carrier cases, 104–5 equipment registration rules, 104, 105, 119, 120 long-distance market competition, 116, 161 open competition, 142, 148 television. See broadcast industry; cable television; network television Tennessee, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 46, 148, 149 bar exam, 15 Tennessee Tombigbee waterway project, 36 This Week on ABC (TV program), 57 Tribe, Laurence, 24 Tunney, John, 70 Tuttle, Elbert, 120, 121, 122 TWA, 27 Uniform Code of Military Justice, 31 United Video, 158–59 University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill), 2–3, 6–8, 17–18, 26, 148 black students, 10–12 civil rights movement, 9–10, 12 debate team, 6, 7–9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17 liberal reputation, 12 Morehouse Scholarship, 2–3, 7 party school reputation, 7 University of Tennessee, 1 University of Virginia Law School, 17, 18, 95 U.S. Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division, 30, 31, 35–37, 40–43, 46, 48–49, 50, 71, 73, 76 U.S. Attorney General, 37, 49, 53 U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of New York, 20, 30–31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 46, 47, 93 And political parties, 43–44 U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, 157 U.S. Congress. See Congress, U.S. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 9, 101, 105, 107, 145, 152 Armstrong’s last argument before, 163–64 and broadcast employment discrimination, 109 and corporate license transfer, 135–36 and elimination of EEO rules, 145–46 en banc review, 108, 110–11, 116–17, 118, 119, 124, 152 ex parte communications ruling, 124 and Fairness Doctrine, 108, 132–33 and FCC argument preparations, 111–18, 155–58 FCC relationship, 83–88, 95, 97, 98, 106, 160–61 Home Box Office case, 84, 86, 97, 102, 104, 120, 122–23 indecent words case, 97, 98 judges, 85–86, 97, 98, 111, 116–17, 158–59 A-15 toughest questioners, 159–60 Lebanon Valley radio license case, 81, 82–83, 85–86 licensing comparative renewal cases, 110–11, 127, 128, 130–31, 153, 154 and minority ownership policies, 134, 136 and newspaper/broadcasting cross-ownership divestiture, 100, 162 NextWave radio license case, 147–48, 157, 158 and syndication rules, 158–59 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, 120, 122 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, 104–5, 119–23 judge recusals, 119–20 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 94, 139 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 83, 89–91, 92, 99, 131, 157 NextWave bankruptcy case, 157–58 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, 92, 139, 140, 141, 152 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, 120, 144 U.S. Courts of Appeal, circuit lottery, 139–40 U.S. Department of Justice. See Justice Department, U.S. U.S. Navy. See Navy, U.S. U.S. Solicitor General, 50, 163 U.S. Supreme Court. See Supreme Court, U.S. Valenti, Jack, 138, 153 VHF television, 153–54 Vietnam War, 12–16, 28, 31 draft deferments, 14–16 See also antiwar demonstrations Wald, Patricia, 160 Wallace, Larry, 163 Walters, Vernon, 54 warrantless wiretaps, 49, 53 Washington, D.C., 11, 29 Watergate, 37, 39, 47, 51–63, 67–70 break-in and initial arrests, 53–54, 60 Dean revelations, 69 and Felt (Deep Throat), 51, 52, 61–63, 65, 66, 72n money trail, 54, 55, 58–60 Nixon/FBI investigation links, 43, 50, 51, 52–53, 56, 63, 67, 68, 69, 72n Special Prosecutor’s Office, 71 White House Counsel’s Office, 42–43, 69 and FCC positions, 152–53 See also specific presidents Widener, Emory, 119, 120, 121, 122 Wiley, Richard, 74, 83, 92–93, 99, 106, 120, 126, 148, 149 Wilkey, Malcolm, 86, 127–28 A-16 Wilmer Hale LLP, 112, 113, 162, 163 wiretapping. See warrantless wiretaps Wirth, Tim, 154–55 Wollenberg, Roger, 111–12, 113, 116, 117, 162, 163 women broadcast station ownership, 134, 136, 144, 151, 163 Harvard Law students, 34, 35 Woodward, Bob, 52 World War II, 2 Wright, Christopher J., 146, 162 Wright, J. Skelly, 85, 86, 116, 117, 123, 124, 161 Young Republicans, 13, 21, 44
