– 224 –
• at h• naehei hi• •nal Ulll. ‘Phe T01ce ot coura.c• u4 of faltb. w ha4
heard 1A Saa\& ‘le o••r aacl. aboYe the eta\1o ta •• lpriag ot 1933 ••
att11e4, kt hi• leadeJ’•hip had. brough11 u lo a beUer lalld in \he ••••tJ.o
ol’ll•r• while ta the S.aterna.\1oDal colllRIBit7 he bad. tak•ll up where WllMA
left oft tho•• JU.DT 7ean a,:o. 11.e 1Ji1Uated. agat.a AMrtou lea4er•hip.
this liae ,oward a n.oee1•M. con.olueion •
. ·fbe Codereno• at Saa Jraaolaoo vbloh bad ‘b .. a 1a.-p1n4 prt-.rtl7 bt
Pn-14..,t looaeftlt va• later ••• -,. Pre,tcleat tnmu. °’11” report b.
J)&J’t of the aceaA• of Oollll1.1tlon IV of the Ooatensto•. ‘fe tbia Ooul1•i••
wen aaa1pe4 \he lcal p•ltl … wld.oh ooatnaW •• Ooater•••• •• well
•• ••• othera. W.. l \ …. a4Ti••r a\ ‘1le Jvt.1t11 … -un, I 4o •’ .n-
oall .\ba\ I knew I wollltl also ao to lhe •• haaotaoo On.fe:rea• •• aa actn••••
tboqh l ‘\lllu it llk-17 the latt•r 4.etlcnatlon oaae aoawbat ‘before
• the Wathbc\oa Oontennoe ..a.a. !he Attorne7 Gueral a, one pola\ ••
thluiag he aight go to Saa huoleoo. ht \he Pretl4eat tnwaecl oa … beJ1
ot \he Oa’biaet, o\hel’ thu the Seor••J’7 of S\ale. parUcipatiDC 11-en. · I
1JMl.1oated -, lalena, lo 11441•• and • tel4 • \bat it he tU4 ao\ • J
wo.U l>•. ualpalel. fna ,i. »•r••’·
•
141 Dll4Jl9P no•gg
lf&rl•J’ lotter•• book oa \lie. pnparauon, Mde fer \!le Confel’Gce latt••••
11-\ adYisH•t of.., ,tatu were latonall7 noalaa\e4 ‘by \hf ha.cl of
,._ ,-,,. …. ,. lut . .,. reoolleoUoa le a le\\er eaa• fro• the S.On’-17 of.
Stat., Nt.,..sua, ., appot.a•••• :perbap■ aft•• aa latel’llal te,1,-i1oa’b7
\beft’4>••7 C&eral •
•
– 225 –
hcept ta connection w1 th the Oov\ au.tute a• alrea.q 4eaol”ibe4 l bad.
ao -pai-t ta the preparatloD.a for \lt.e Ooaterene•. Ae •”•”• 4…-.loped t ••
again to vork olotel.J’ “1th JCr. Backworth. He, like Mr. A.raatna,, Mz-. >a•lotq,
Mr. hlle1 aid. Mr. :Bowaan. we•• pnaotpal &4’f’iaera. o,hel’t troa
••••ral Dep&r,.menta, including Mr. Adlai Stnenaon tna la..,., Mr. Ae Jlortaa
tro11 Interior, .aJUl iqaelt from J11.aUce, · bad more limited rol•••
‘l’he work of \he Conference waa 4h14ecl uong four coaat•doa,. M7
-.os-k -· plillal’lly ta Oo..S.taioa “· to w.bloh legal prob1•• “” ·••11:UA.
Kl’. lackwrth vaa lnd.lepoaecl 4v1nc a cooct pa .. , of the ea1’11•• nek• of t».
—- ??– — –
•
•
Ooater-.-. whl•ll ,fflW aore re11po1111\111’7 oa Mr. Je1np, alto u a.tn. .. r,
oa legal •tlen. a4 ,..el:f tbaa otbeM .. aipt ht..,. …… the eaN. I •t
qtdte ofte11 •• tile npreffatatt’fe ot tke V’alW Stat•• 1A Colla11a1oa JT,
hud.111« the detail• oa ,he aceada of Uat Cou1111oa, ooapotecl of repn1ataU
••• or All of the u.Uoa• parUc1paunc.
We kept la to11.ch trt.,h the 4-1.ecaUoa •• aeo••••r, ‘by aesor&ll4a u4
ooafereno••• Onl7 oooaeioaa.111 va.1 lt aeoe11a17 to •uludt a pnl>l• to ,M
Nl .t7a1.Md Su.Ma hl-.tioa. ht w .. , wUh tu :U.le,at1oa •0•1leaall7,
…… who. ,,. becl ao epeo1al probl• ot our owa. ‘PhfollCh ••ll aeett.ap. oi­
wtth lhe honta17, we wn kept •re or 1Ha ln \ouch wllh \1- ‘fl’OIN•• of
affair•• vi\h aa oppor’11alty \o eoaeal or IICP•t, eap•ctall7 a, Ula •Milne•
w1 lh the S.onu.17.
!he nporl of the J”U’ld•’ Oollldttee eaae btfore 0o•1••1oa IT. I
vaaw the Co.n of the ta,ve to ‘be • new Ooul’t, w1 th no tonal ooauauaUoa
of u,e oia. oa pollq •• ••ll •• l•-1 pouie. •• to ti. 1a,wl’ ,oae
naUons wbloh ba4 ‘been ••l>•r• of the Clcl Oo11.J>t wre not represeahMI, 7et
the ,taut• wa1 b•hc uera4ecl u4 mocU.fiel.. ‘l’hla raiae4 a que•UOD whether
•
•
•
we could lep.117 arran«e a aonUrmation of the old Oourt. Mr. Jessup was
of a c11tf’ennt ·dew fro.JP id••• Mr. B’aclcw:rth held off taking a position
for: qa.lte a vhile. After a perlotl of unoertalat7 \he deohion vat made
tbflt ther• vould ‘be a nev Court.
1htt 1QaJo:rU7 ot tbe San Jnmoisco Conference faYored craa\111.g the
\Jourt co11pulaory Juri•dicUon of legal controvenies ‘between State•. A
minority, in.eluding the United Statetii, were of a oont:rsry Tiev. AlthtJ?
in princlpl• ve might think U desirable, the United States waG not read7
for it. 1, ueaed unwiao to endaager ou.r adberenoe to the atatute, clepnclent
upon sca,e approval. b7 ha:rln« a pro’Yieioa vbtch wuld oall for re,er•
tlona or qusl.U’icaUon• bt the Senate.
So \he a,Jori t7 of the Ooaference, repre,eated. ln Oo•1•11oa IV• acceded
10 poliq- arguments which faYoNd. a clause know ae the optional Jur19d.1ctional
clau•e, vbiob had been worked out during the life of the old
Oou:rt and w.a repu,ed to b• in ooru1iden’ble part \he handh,on: ot llibu.
loot. !rut tlaitecl. States l:ad never cmnted the old Court an:, Jurl-41ct1on.
Jut. •• appear• later, the Sonate aclhend to the etatu\e of the aew Ooun
in 1947, wl»a I •• Lecal Minter ot the State l)epan,…, •
.l c:nat dul of conti1&11i ty wt ih the old. Oo•:rt wa• of oo\’l?’a• mat.ntai1ae4.
It wa• pJ”OYidecl that exl1’1nc tn&Ue• calling for eulul1••1on of d1eput••
to the Pel’ll&n♦n\ Oour, of lntena.Uonal J’uaUce would have \be effeot of
••ndt.11.g such 4ieputee to the Iatena.Uonal Court ot Jv.1t11M. Indeed. the
ltatu\e of the aev Court w.• \hat of the old. wUh •ditioattons, ‘but w1 th a
new legal. 1ta\ua :f’or the new Co1u•t.
lfh• Seoret&J’7 of State aade a report to the President on. tu re8lll. h
of the Confei-eac•• publhhed as ?ar\ment of State h..l>licaUon Jo. 2349 •
– 227 –
• OoAIH•o.oe hr1•• 41. 1′ giTea a ra,her full \u, no, ena,11tiTe repon oa
ihe .whole ••t•rence, taolucllnc legal pnbl .. • •• vell •• lhe IION 4ttft.*t
pol?1l? tu•’1ona NI01Te4.
•
•
)fhen ha4 l>ea a CN&I 4tal of atatt work pri.ol’ lo ,be Oollf erea•.O ·
flu-e• tldnc• which oau..a. oontl”OTen7 co•• iue41ale17 lo a1nd. Ont va•
whether or aot Aqent1na lhould \e acla1Ued to the Ooate:ranoe a• a ••b•r
of \he VU W latton,. A \erl’iflo furor arose about lhi•. ‘fbere •• a
41Yltloa of ,eatlaeat 111 \l:d.a the AMrioao. ,,att — I doa•t knov that 1 cu
•1 witht• the 4elepUoa. One poe1’1on •• \bl\ A11uUaa ha.A ao, r..U7
boru Pl’ et Ille ‘bna\ of the WI’•• ou ot Ille vat,.a h\loa, aa4 tat
oal.7 v1’ea lhe lna4 ot nu•• w• ob’llou, ba4 •h• 4ffland war lat• ta ti.
4&7. 1, -· alao ••14 u., her gDTH’!UIQ.t -· ‘IUIAIIIIOOJ’ll’1o. be Vat.lecl.
Stal•• poal Uoa ‘b•ea• pntt7 olearl7 aad. qu.tokl7 Juaewa. It wa■ that AqoUna
ahoul.4 be ada1tte4. t lhe\1,:hl thl• vae ngbl, alMl that S.Ol”eta17
Steltiaiu• 1ntell1geall.T all4 pernal1Yel7 tla\ed. •he .Aaeriou poe1Uon.
!he alder np11bllca la South Aa•rl• w.ate4 Argentina a4aitte4, am vou14
••• l>HII t11U• acc,i.-n4 W the been uol\Ule&: •noYer, I 414a’t oe u,
tann beaefil b1 pvniJIC lo lb.e \11’81’ ea4 ev 41uppo1Ataeat oqJ’ …….
ti•’• oetlll’le la tM ••• I tbo•ahl the lteet .-.. .. ot f.awlac her le a.
potiUoa ooast,ten\ wlth O\tl’ 1>•llolet •• •’ to ol.o•• tta. 4oor oa Ml’ •
. ptbeJ’ ••r1 aoat:n,nnial ’11••’1oat, •r• lmpor-tal au -,n f\lmallQ’-1,
“”• the Teto u4. 11- oo-,oeltloa amt power• ot tu S.n.:r:U,- Oouoil ta· . .-.laH,
oa to •• G.aenl. At..-17. the Autlraltu 4elep’1oa, ud.er \le leuer•
hlp of Jbt. Benert ,. -.u. look a proalual put la aanballlng \lut eea­
tlaent of the ual.l or aecllua-d.”4 u.’10111 to re•lrlot the Teto power.
The tJaUed State• ta’t’ONCl the Teto. In a pedeot vorl4, aa lcleal slhalioa •
• tu.eh• Teto oo’Gl.4 not be d.etencted. ht the United. S\atea oo11ld aot1 1
,bo..ll,, ·.u4 t.i, ooatu.ea• \he Senate wul.4 fMl \he aaae ,., .,., 1,.
aUttas, pow•r a, \bt 4lepol&l of t1ut l&dteA’ …… wit’.bout ow ooa … ,,
•
•
-vbloh te N&llJ w».t ti. abaeaoe of the., • . oa ov pan -owl.Ii….-•••• la
tbNr,. •• UN ha• pa••- the alnue of the ••to b7 tbe So’riet lhaloa •• . ·
oloucled \he l•ne. Jut I still \h1Dk ‘°4-&7 \M l.JaU-4 Statea uoul.4 .•”Pl>Ol’I
the Teto ae ooaclt.Uoa• exla\ anc1 tha\ the Senate wu.ld not a:pproTe • Obarter
• …., vhieh al,oll•W. 1,. !he troul• 1• the ••to ha• bNa ate4 wll«tl
,., dlo’lllcl _, -·· ‘bNa. 1 thlak ,he Teto tboQJ.4 be llaUe4 ‘”‘ .. , 1••
altol1ahtd.
Vltlala tu Allltdtaa 4el.U,o• there •• 4e’bate oTer the, aeope ot the
••’°• •• 1 noall. ht there•• ..-.rai nooplUon the Uat.te4 •-•••
would 1n•1•• upoa tt. ot cour•• the SoTie\ thl1on la•1tte4 ‘1J)OD l, too. bat
-, point la Uaat ve laah’-4 upon u .
. Another queettoa wl th the So•1et tJaioA vaa whether the Teto 001114 be
applied to prneat ooa■14arat1on Qt dl••••toa ‘b7 \he Sefvl’7 Ooaoll of
a 41-,pu,e l>n11Pt •• lit aUeaUoa alel’ tu :pn’f’ltlon• h&Tlac to 4o wlth
\he peaoetvl .. ,,1 … , ot 41-,ut••• flMt 8o•1•1 lldoa, •• l aov noal.11 la
,-. ••• ot a Mltu \o whtoh the “‘•’° W01ll4 tppl7 lf aoUoa W4tN lo lt•
tu• b7 the Oouoll, wate4 \he ••to to en.Di aleo ,o pn …. , lt■ 4?•• .. –
lon. Ju\ \be tTallecl State• etoo4 f11’1117 on \he pn.nol-ple ot the right to
c111ou1. the ren.lt •• ,he i•nuoe of a ,,.,, … , 1-7 tbe a,oaaonac
po .. r• “•rd.• tu eal of Ille Oollfenaoe whloh \eoaa• pal”I of the l11Cl•la·
H.•• ht.1to171 •• it wn, ,of tbt, pn..Saioa. It noooln4 ti. rip\ of
tt,ouatoa. n •’•’•••
•
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•
– 229 –
lfo 1nd1Tid.ual •••’b•r of the Oounc1l can alone preTent coasi4-
,,,a:\lon u4. 41acu•■ion ‘b7 \he Oouoil ot • dispute or dta\
S.on bi-ouch• to U• attenUon under Paragl’IIJ)h 2, SeoUon A,
. Ohap\er 8 • • •
!bf.a refareace l• apparently to the old Dwabarton Oalta prapotal, which
? atate, vheth•r a mea’ber of the orp.niutton or not, MT bring
any- auoh diapute or •1 tuaUon to th• attention of the General
AH•bl7 or of the S.ourU7 Oounoil.
• ‘fhe atataant of the epoaaorinc powei-1, vi th wh1oh hance, who vae not
a apo111oriq power, aet0cla\ed heraelt, oonUnuea:
• •• nor oan parth• to nch a d.1-,ute be preTuted by thee•
aeaa, tn• l>ela,g beard by the Oouo11. Likeviee the 1’e4\llniaent
for ‘1MJUai t7 of the peraaaeht aeabera 08llaot preTaaii 8n7 … ‘beiof
the Oouoil fro• reain.41.nc tu .’bars ot \u orpnltatloa of
their genel’&l obligattoat atlWHCl uzad•r the chart.er •• regard•
pea.oeflll ••ttleaent ot 41apul•••
tbe nport of the Secretaz-7 of State continues •
B7 the U•• the Jolat ata,•ent wa1 presented to the oonU\ff 1,
appeared that there wae no aeriout dlspodtion 01’ the part of
ot.her delegations to preH certain uaendaenh clesigaed to eli»tnate
the nl• of uaan1111 \7 \flth reeJu?o, to enfol”Cement aoUon.
!h4t oaly opea quetioa \hea •• to ‘f’0’1118 procelllN •• vtth aot-
. u.1 peaceful .. ,ueaent. Mu7 cl•lcat1on• bad propoHd. uemi••
ta to a1,ar the wUnc prooect’llft. afferal. ot thea “1th lh•
14• ot nae-nag the 1>rooe11 of pao1tto ••’U•ent fro• the nqutr•
eAt of \Ula.JliaU7. !hie •• tu purpo•• of an Autraliu
aaenAaet vhloh. when offerecl 01’1glu.ll7, had ealhtecl ti. S11ppori
of .. nnl other cteleptlont, ad• f.n a rma-1 fom, pro’f’l-
4• the •••’ of Ooatere110• un\1•nt of 1h11 pro’blea after the
iaatnc of the Spoatol’lag Power•• •’-‘••’· the aaer.ulau\ ••
rejeoted., although an7 delep.\10111 abe\a1ne4 when the Tote vaa
tialten.
Dis.ring the oourH ot lhe debate OJl \he Au.drallan aaendaent
am the YOUJaC fe1’Blla l11eelt, U wa• atretee4 b7 tu gnat
povera that \heil’ 1peoial TO\lag poetUon. voul.4 ‘be 11.Md “1th a
peat ••n•• ot re1poatibllU1 ud oondderatioa of the tn,ei-eat of
·. the ualler naUon• u4. ttaa, thenfor• the ••to vould. b• uHfl
1part.agl7. !he e7ea of world op1Dion will be cUnelecl u-pon the
Se0t1r1,, Couoll ill all of U• d.eli’bent1oa1 wUh rH,peo• to the
aaln:\enance of peace anc1 ••curltJ. ABT ain•• of the ,rc,Ung pro•
cedur• would offend th.la creat veieht of opinion aad impair the
•
•
– 230 –
deYelopaea\ ot the preaU.ge upon. vhloh the ulUaate n.ooe•• ot
.ca,hem oelrpa ‘lhb•a l>Ul’QJ.\on \vl ofll tclwoep e.,.nd..,. , vaSinnce lathe o ngl”e •ea•t •p ..o• we•lora• . hatTue lr ta,.,.,,
l• l>ull41ac a a,ronc aa4 •ffeou ,.. orpm.1&Uoa will
………? ·Mk• Iha ne• . ,.·(pp/ ft-?.) oouelo•• ot •l•talabc \h1a preeUge . . .
But the Secre\al’J” • hope wa aot Mtilled beC&llte the SoTl•t•• oon …
Iraq ‘° th• seatlaeai retleolecl la the a,IDOtphere at San 1nmalaco, •••
abu•• the Te\o. Jor uaaple, lllq ba•e ueed. 1\ ooaatantl7 – keep well
ct.Ufled. utlon• troa beooaiag aeabera ot \he United. llaUon.,.
·’fhe SoTtet tfaioa’ • atU.hte at Su Jruoteoo •• ‘• vlaat could. ‘be 41•- ·
n••• vl\llo11.\ belq n.)Jeet to a w\o c,1’ott tu ‘be U.S.cl •• to ha:,·• fon­
oaat 1,, later obetnotloalal atttWe. ht oa the whole l left Su , …
ot.eoo •1 \h tu t4’llnc tlat t!Mt SoYiet Um.on wa• ta 1,-pathJ v1 th the real
pul’f)o••• of the UalW laUont 1».Nfar a, tboae purpo••• were 41reote4
towari. the •intua».oe ot interaaUonal p•oe. l oauo\ •aJ’ I \boucht tbe
So’l’le\ leaden were ln eppa \!17 v1 th all ata \eraeat1 of prinoipl•• ta tu
Oharltr, iho’Ggh au nbaorllte4 to t.ae Obar\er; bat I do tblllk tl:le vat.
aut.•• 11-l for ,u world. to ‘be ulted 1A aa orpalsatlea \o pNTeat •: ?
ftft’811 .. of a world va•. W I 414 •’ thS.J1k \ha \Jat the vouJ.4 llNO•• ••
olaall’U.0’11’• •• ta tao, •• ,…,, \u •••• he& lf \bia ba4 lt..a for.1..­
a\le lt tl01ll4 la-, .,1.a1oa ••• , .. 011tvet,W:. oa the, • .,,.. of’• U-<
11nb.111 t7 of her ••b••blp, b7 the worlcl latluenoe open.Hae apoa ‘\he
SoTle\ Ua.1011 •• a Nllber, w1 lh oppo:r’-1 \7 for Jola\ uA coll•oHY• aotloL
l ,)Jouah\ 1\ woul.4 be !leel\hl’ fer her to be 4n.w ln\o parUo1pa\1oa wlth
all ‘••• other D&tioaa ta la\enaUonal pro’blea• wltld.a the J\lried.loUoA
of tu OJ:ianer.
I th1* thl • nev vaa p•r•p• t,-p1cal of the Aaerlean del-..uo.a. I
• auanot .-peak tor other,. ‘ba.1: •• far •• I oan Judge. l think aoaeth1ag of
•
•
– 231 –
\hi• tor\ ,. theil’ bell•t. l Jdgh\ baTe bee:a JION opUaleUo ,baa ……
Solle atght laav• thou.ch’, ‘Yell, we ought to 117 thi• in u;, -nea,. • lnil · ·
thl1 .., •• , mlT9 bad mob hope. hi X ‘hi* Ula …. 11 … , of the “·· a.a
\he••?– 4elep.Uoa, la the oout17 an4 1a the woru. waa \hat ,a.·•-­
t•l’P?•• woul4 Ao a great deal of poet.
l bad so•• lit Ue teel1nc the Oonterenoe •• too l&1Wel7 coapoeed of
clelcalioa• aoou•lomecl to tn.teru.Uoal oonterenoee; tha\ le, the old
1obO•l tJf ih• ?• of lat101t.• all4 vi.., had coae ‘befor., vhloh lo ae, vhatffel’
\he -.. .. , – u4 1 !aYe alr•q ••re11td 1111elf – bacl talled.. lh:it \Id.•
pl’OballJ -· MN In.• of the lecal peopl• than. ., the poll t1oal …… et:
a..i…-.no111. · It waa no\ tne of ov own 4aleca.Uoa. It repreeeah4 a 1-1’0&4
•••’ of eunent Aael”ioaa po11Ucal oplain aa4 llfe •
.A.a tor 1-1.uA, their laV7era were alei-\ cueer Mil. their prin.olpal
•• $1.r W1111u Malk1n, the lcal ad:ri1er of the Jlor•ie• Off1oe, a nae
gentleman and exoellen, laqer. Sir lf1ll1u lott hi• Ute on the w.7 bo•
‘bJ’ ail’ tna Saa Jnaclaoo. lt.1 plue tlmpl.7 ttaappea.-.4 oTel’ the ••411.Uo.
l r••’bertcl ld.a plaeaati, u4 a41d.riJacly fna the te1tniw-•••• ucetla•
Uoa• of 1941 la London. !lt.e aeoou lepl. MA ill the lri\leh 1roup •’ tu
J’naot•oo •• Cl. G. 11 ‘■•moe, alao a good aa. • .bad ‘beea at the
lvi1t1• Oontereac• arut I waa \o vork wl th bla lat•P 1n ,1ae GeAeral .u1ei,.
I ••• no 1adepeadent pert0ul lq,re1t1oaa p.lucl al Su huoteoo repn\lDC
their top pol1tioal aea.
the •••iu legal 11e11 wen, priaoipallJ, s • .l. OeltmtkJ’ and s. ••
X17lo•. lr,lov later ‘beoaae a … ‘ber of the 1forl4 Cov.n. lloth were able
la,qen and •••eel to lMt relatlT•l.7 aoa-pol1Uoal am to approach \he lepl
. •
pJ”Obleat of the Ooafereaoe prett1 DJCh fro• a 1’11’0feH10Ael 1talld.po1a,.
• the· 1atena’1ng thing. at -, owa ‘rlewt deYeloped \hroqh turthH• ooa••••
“1th the Son•• NpNHAtali••· at •• ‘Unl \e4 ‘.laUon• — al \bovgh
.
. . · . . · · thl1 ,;at &IOI olea? •t Saa lnaol100 – 11 tba\ n.ohlthtlaDIUDC they w1’li:<
. . aoltJelf pa:rUcipa\e ta coaaltt••• et the General ••••bl7 ta the fol”Jl$1a?,
Uoa ot lepl 4on.aente, n.ch a1 tbo•• aeHinc up the Xza.ternatloaal Lav eo….
mt11loa, u tu em tlMtJ’ would u• appro•re fol” poll Ueal naaon,. Oolloea.-;
loa• •• la ooaaittee \o o’b\ala uu.ia1ty voul4 in tbe encl fail of \hell’
put’pc,H•• ftd.• became pn1’7 olear to ae -· l don •t nov exaotl,- wbea, ‘but
at a oe..Wa point. lehi thatullt.ac a prote111ual appnaoh ,,. their lav•
YH••·’•· iatenatloul acnea•••• tu Son•• p•elUoa la the end ••·aot .to
acn• to be l>O’Q.114 ‘b7 1-1 er J’U’tclloal iu’1’11tioa1 .. 4ooueah, ‘&nlt •-1-F
to be guld.e4 ‘b7 pol1Uoal or pow•r oona14eraH.oaa. 117 later lepl won vllh
the lonet in \he Ooalftl Couoll •ol:d.nel’J” fol’ t»- ao•erueat of Gel’JIQ7
• can auppenta,: ….S.clenoe of the …. Uld.tatlou upon their la-,.ra.
•
I taw \bi.a tlluatrate4 •••enl U••• at the t1a1,.a. laUone. We woul.4
olear lllio,ach •h• Sbth Oollld. ”•• of the Geaeral •••eabl7 to• poeUtoa ta
vb.loll thet ·ac1 laba aa aot1•• pan ta oouitt•1 u4 ,., who •• r•nlt
na–4 the tloor of the Oaeral ••••’bl.7 tor appn•al thq a\1Waecl or
YOle4 apt.aat lt.
41 8u. lrucleoe w ba4 •ff•nl 111\er•••tac pnl>leM la our OoaJ.11l°-”
otber than ,:tioae la•olnac the ,iatut• ot the Oovta \he oan .. , proYiaioaa
oa pl’lYU … •• an4 ialudU••• Uae oawantsatiea’• lecal •••• in the 1ater­
M\1oaal ooaault7 &Dd vl\bla u.Uon•• ‘1’le etteot of \he Chuter oa earlier
tree.Ii•• with uooa1l1t.nt pnrillou, \be ctenlopaeat of latenaUoaal law
and ,. nctatratloa of tna’1••• •• dealt wtth O!lapter 16, te1’M4 •Mt•oellueoua
Pl’OTi1toa1, • a• I reoall. Later, towrd. \he encl ot tu Coater•
– 233 –
•Mil ltlleft Jll1′. •o1r.wn11 ud Jtr. Ooluu:, ••• well •• o••-·· wen
4••?.{ ,’ ea to …., ,…, ,11e vbole 4ntt ot’ tlae ha1’ter ‘t or taooa,1a’ t-.1•’ •’ < ??<·
te-,i’b1lt I 41.4. aot penoul.17 ha•• a Mllll la Wa. Oo•t.••loa IT••/ ?
·. · . . ·,. .. … ,,,t;,t\? y,., .,’, u4 eat r…iui,,. •• •nally ••• –.,1a •natnca d4 an••” .•••.• , ?
vl tll’ ‘.. lu.olleoa bnatt.
tu. Aller1ou croup •• boa.•• la cllffereat bo\el• lftl\ th. ottloea of
Iha j,Iegatloa1 laol\11ltnc a4″1tere an4 1tatt1 wn all la thtt Jall’IIOal
Bot? •. •• ot •• a.icauoa l1Te4 Ulen toe, a.as., va• Ille … ,1,a1a
pl&•• •t lbe 4talep.UAH1. · I 11″4 al ,ia. 11? Jnaote Drake •••• ota,.C. ·.·.· ..
· -.. .•• 114 torta lo -, effloe at the J’a11119at. , ••• l’uel>u\, ., •.-.UUJ’,
•• al Ila haul•• ….. a peat help u al••• 1 11.aullr w111t · ,. ·-,
efft.• te Ille ••’1• of Colllleatoa IY la a a.iecatloa or ooate…..,. -••
ol” l at.pl ao ‘b7 •r. the -•tlq plaoea ven wll urupA 1A ,, cn,ap .
• of ‘hil4u.p a•r IM 0,•• lo••• aa4 plasa. fte ,1 … 17 ••••1••• •?• la
Ille· Opera Bo•… !lie Coateraoe f1a.aoUoucl well. the berl.caa 4el•aa Ilea
waa “11 e.-S,ppe4 u4 wll ata.tte4 •
.. · lbtf 0117 vu.I f1l1l ••• le 4o en,,11:ata, ,.,a1\le to help tu Ooafea-·
…, ut 01111′ ti-oa a atulpotat of .n1o1…, ., al• la ,_ -,. ol ••;,W.
n, u4 eoolal ….,,,.,. I •• JIDpeN ,-. .,.,…., is.a.-mn ?t
,11e Val w •’1•• wo’8lt ,. al Saa fnaol••• aa4 ,,u1 lllblt t., ..U· 1’1&••
…… 1Ml’411′.
•·!lie Ooatenaoe •• ooaaole4 ia lw la..-a••• Jraea u4 laclt••• l!w
e14 laaanac-• ot 4.lploaaoJ, 1nt.t ff•ITO• MA • apt to ••• a \aalla\toa
lalo lpui•h• .et.. ol’ 0111u… lbere wn ” IIUI’ lo•lll .&aedau ••
lpaolu ap-1tlac uttou. ‘-‘ the ro1t.U.ae •• for :,ao\loal.11’ al.l U•out1oa•
to ‘be laaalatecl lnto h’.aoh, Jlacll•h. al lpaaltb. 1-t • lo..ul
– 234 –
• npret-entaU•• 414 not Wllh1’atu4 1:rench or ?:tah. a •eparate iater1u•,.t••
vaa pro’f’lcle4.. ‘1’h11 aaYe4 a good. 4Hl of Uae. ‘ftle aaae ?•• waa u.,
tor ·tbe ChiA•••• ‘lho’ICh the vorklag language, wen Jacll&h and freaoh. tbe
off1oial lucuc•• wen lllcli•h. lreaoh, ltH1lu, Chia••• and S,Ul■b. Ot
oouae \he uoe1al ‘1’ tor la\erpre\aUou al.owed 4owa the vorlt, but oae ‘beo.ae
ao0\1.ltoMd. \o it. the etaltaaeou• tl’&JlalaUon •7•tM l.n8’alle4 l.&te.r
at hNll’berc &Ad. at the •••tine• ot •h• orcaa• et the tta1 tect llaUoaa vaa
ul an.llaltle lo ua •
. the people of •• l1a1 ,.a State• ud pu’blto optatoa cn•nl.11 tuoupout
the wl’ld. ba4 anat JMtpe Ill the VaUe4 hU•••• !here were bou4 to lie
41ttenao•• in 4e&r’ff of up.oh.tioaa, “‘1t the .ra1 teeU.na l aa caaft-
4eat wa1 oae of \N11tado11.a wol’Uwhllen•••• a 0011:t1.otton that \he ette1’t wa•
oo».s\l’I\Cti n and 4.edra’ble, aJll4 would bN.r fnli t ta helptnc to prffeat re-
• oUJTuoe of aoh nttenq •• \be wrld had. twice H.pmeaoe4 ln a ftw
, ……
•
l voul4 like to cu•aea, oa \he l:>l-parUsaa nature of the Ualte4 Stat••
4elecaUoa – wbieh ‘bliap •• ‘baok a bll \o the Vlltoa •n. vttbou, wa?ia,
•• ., tlaoqhtat -· of the NalOAI i• …. alvqa felt the i,…,,,. tall•
to HRN •h• a4bereaoe of ,u Uat\ecl kate• •• tllat 1, bHaJ1•• vroacl, ta
.., 11.ev, a parllua 1•ne. Pn•14ot iooMYe1,, U. ch1et vorl4 1-4•• la
the 4eTelopaen\ of 111• Ua1te4 •a,1on.1, u\ oalJ’ wok the tlltoealq at-, ot
ha’Yiag tu Ooatenao. urucecl before ,m ftchtba •• o••r• vh11• all the
11’t1,:\ all••• •• well •• Ille o\la.n, won Jot.u& la a OOIIIIOB eatetpl”l .. , ·
•’•-‘” wiNl.7 ••– ,i.. … noaa ctel•H• •• a aoa-,,arU-.a ••t.•,··
ae … rlt e’t’14ooe4 \1 l k … erslll-p •
•
•
•
– 235 –
!ha clel-,a’1oa coaei1\e4 of \he Seoret.17 of State •• ohai1>aa1 aa\ 1.aoluAed
both the ohalr.maa aD4 raula, llinorl t7 aea’ber1 of the fo.-eiCD, atta1l”t
G0111tt?tiei1 of the S.aate u4 et ,11e ••••• · hDa\or Toa Oouall7 vat••·?
oellldttee cbalnu, a4 Sua\or Ar\bU I. Y&ad.eit.bera the rallktac llepu’blioaa
ae!rA’t.•r o.a the hu\e tide. In the Bov.te. Sol Jlooa wae cba1ran u4 Clarl••
A. Ja’°a •• the nulng Bepubliou aed,er. Doth Mr. V•aten.berc ad Mr.
laton at well aa lb•. nooa ad Mr. Oonnal.17 were … lter• of the cl.elqatton.
MT. Ste.es.a, a proaiaent lepu.b11oaa pollUoel fi&V• at the U•, •• alao
a aeMeJ”. Ou ot \he pnncl.pal a4’f11en \o ‘•• delepUoa ‘b•oaa• Mr. loba
loiter 1)\il.1••• a pnat&ent l,pu\llau nova to lHt e1peolallJ’ la\e:n•W ta
latenatioaal affa1r1. lfla• the Preeliul udertook \o .ice ,. ..ncaa
podtloa aon-parilua, aad drew lnte the ettori … of gnat tllflua•• aa4
preeti.p la. the oppoai le poll ltoal put7 1 10 t bat thq Ao\ oal.7 voal4 llaTe
tbs educational adT&nta.ge ot aotl•• parliolpaUoa, wt the cou\17 would.
ha•• \he e.chaa\ace ot \.bt1r 1upport ot the vork of ,he Coafenaoe.
1 ••• a footDO,e a’bou\ leaalor Vu4••?•1″C aad. hM’-1′ Oouall7. l
:felt SeYl&lor Couall.J’. wbo waa olllJ.NU of tile Seu.ta J’orid.p lelaUoat 0o. …
alltff, hudlel ooa\ronrdal ltsu•• la the 4elepltoo -rer., alllMl.J, la
Nl&Uoa to … , … Yu4u.berc. ·- aiaonv ruktnc ….. Yho 1., … -·
‘° becio• ?llalran of the coJlllil\ee whea hie part,. pt.a.a ooabol of the
Sena••· Senator Vudenberc ••– \o •• at t1r1t to ‘be IION u-.s,Uoal \baa
aot\ of 11.1, iaoluclhg Sena:\or Oeual.17, a’bout tu Un1te4 •ttona. la 4ele,a
Uon ••’1AC& he ottea l’aited 1•au• or ladicat.a uac•rtatat7. there wa•
AO •lto,? ‘° 011.tnte an,bod1 la the•• … ,bet, as -1 noall. fte pn••••
vaa oil.e ot upo•itlon1 aplaAatloa, aqu.en,. 41snealoa and of r•ob1»c
oo•on ground, w1 tbou\ teeklng to cletenalne who •• 1n \he •JorU1 and who
– 236 –
• ln •? lll•n 17. Workia.g that ..,-, w1\h the Secretary of State as tar •• 1
ooul? o’.b••n• \elq aa euellea\ ohalnaa, the 4elega’1oa lteoaae a 10liot·•
CJ’O\”Pi• · ‘-” ISNV la Sua?r laJIAal>erc•• al.114 •• ,he Oe.ate1·enoe pJIOCftt”4.
ia ,q Yin. aon l3opetalu111 a n.’b11tl.lq of aupUc1aa. le b.caae aa a4-
•eca.ta of the United laUoa$. 1 4o IIOt aeaa tle upeotecl 1\-, aooo11pl1•b
mon than 1, •• -,.able of aeoompliahinc. but ‘that he ‘°4>k a rea.11.tio
•
•
Tlev of wba\ lt could aoco11pl1ah aJMl oaae to belie,.. in t.t, to bel1••• tilat
Jolni:ac aJ.14 lllppOl’li.DC i\ -· rlght. !bl• V&I a tnwaph .. , oal7 ••• t …
11, tor rich\ natoa, lt•I alao for u.i. llrea41ll ot the Soator, aacl of ••
fred4.eat la the bl’084 aaUouJ. felUld.&Uoa 1ut ca•• to t.u clelep\l•• whiob
vaa to -.mil• la• Allll•iou. poalUoa a\ Su fnaolaoe. ONdlt 1• not ••
priacipallJ 1o 8-a\or …….. ,, “b11t to tho•• vboH poal Uoa a oaae to
a4op\ aa h.1.1 ova. 1\ 11 a aiatake, 1 thlatr, for b1•’°1″7 to giTe predoalJUUL\
.DIDC!Oll OJ LJGAL l>ltlSIO• a,